| |
References
A list of works cited on this website
Aguinaldo, A. M., Turbeville, J. M., Linford, L. S., Rivera, M. C., Garey, J. R., Raff, R. A., Lake, J. A. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature, 387: 489-493.
Aiello, L., Collard, M. 2001. Our newest oldest ancestor? Nature, 410: 526-527.
Alexander, D. E. 1957. The genetic induction of autotetraploidy: A proposal for its use in corn breeding. Agron. J., 49: 40-43.
Alexander, M. P. 1969. Differential staining of aborted and nonaborted pollen. Stain Tech., 44: 117-122.
Alexandrov, D. A. 1994. Filipchenko and Dobzhansky: Issues in Evolutionary Genetics in the 1920s. In: The Evolution of Theodosius Dobzhansky, (ed.) M. B. Adams, Princeton University Press.
Aliabadian, M., Nijman, V. 2007. Avian hybrids: Incidence and geographic distribution of hybridisation in birds. Cont. Zool., 76: 59-61.
Allen, G. 1969. Hugo de Vries and the reception of the "mutation theory." J. Hist. Biol., 2: 55-87.
Allen, R. J. 1888. The Norman doorways of Yorkshire. Reliquary, Quarterly Archaeological Journal and Review (London), N. S., 2: 101-111.
Allendorf, F. W., Thorgaard, G. H. 1984. Tetraploidy and the evolution of salmonid fishes. In: Evolutionary genetics of fishes, ed. B. J. Turner, pp. 1-53. New York: Plenum Press.
Alves, M. J., Coelho, M. M., Collares-Pereira, M. J. 1997. The Rutilus alburnoides complex (Cyprinidae): Evidence for a hybrid origin. Jour. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 35: 1-10.
Alves, M. J., Coelho, M. M., Collares-Pereira, M. J. 2001. Evolution in action through hybridization and polyploidy in an Iberian freshwater fish: A genetic review. Genetica, 111: 375-385.
Ameghino, F. 1889. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina. Actas Acad. Nac. Ciencias Rep. Argentina en Córdoba, 6: 1-1027.
Ameghino, F. 1895. Première contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches à Pyrotherium. Boletín (Inst. Geog. Argentino), 15: 1-60.
Ameghino, F. 1902. Linea filogenética de los Proboscideos. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8: 19-43.
Amores, A., Force, A., Yan, Y. L., Joly, L., Amemiya, C., Fritz, A., Ho, R. K., Langeland, J., Prince, V., Wang, Y. L., Westerfield, M., Ekker, M., Postlethwait, J. H. 1998. Zebrafish hox clusters and vertebrate genome evolution. Science, 282: 1711-1714.
Anderson, B., Daugherty, R. J. 1974. Characteristics and reproductive biology of grosbeak (Pheucticus) in the hybrid zone in South Dakota. Wilson Bull., 86: 1-11.
Anderson, E. 1936. An experimental study of hybridization in the genus Apocynum. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 23: 159-167.
Anderson, E. 1949. Introgressive hybridization. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Anderson, E., Hubricht, L. 1938. The evidence for introgressive hybridization. Am. J. Bot., 25: 396-402.
Anderson, E., Stebbins, G. L. 1954. Hybridization as an evolutionary stimulus. Evolution, 8: 378-388.
Anderson, K., Moler, P. E. 1986. Natural hybrids of the Pine Barrens treefrog, Hyla andersonii with H. cinerea and H. femoralis (Anura, Hylidae): Morphological and chromosomal evidence. Copeia, 1986: 70-76.
Anderson, T. R. 2006. Biology of the ubiquitous House Sparrow: From genes to populations. New York: Oxford University Press.
Andersson, G. E., Zomorodipour, A., Andersson, J. O., Sicheritz-Pontén, T., Alsmark, C. E., Podowski, R. M., Näslund, A. K., Eriksson, A.-S., Winkler, H. H., Kurland, C. G. 1998. The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazeki and the origin of mitochondria. Nature, 396: 133-140.
Andrews, C. W. 1904. On the evolution of the proboscidea. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., B, 196: 99-118.
Andrews, P. 1995. Ecological apes and ancestors. Nature, 376: 555-556.
Andrews, R. C. 1916. Whale hunting with gun and camera: A naturalist's account of the modern shore-whaling industry, of whales and their habits, and of hunting experiences in various parts of the world. New York: D. Appleton And Co.
Anonymous. 1979. Sperm production in bison-cattle hybrids. Anim. Breed. Abst., 47, No. 5866.
Anonymous. 2002. Tsessebe with identity crisis. CCA Ecological Journal, 4: 249.
Antonius, O. 1950. Fruchtbare Maultiernachzucht. Zool. Anz., 145(Suppl.): 28-33.
Aprea, G., Odierna, G., Andreone, F., Glaw, F., Vences, M. 2007. Karyological evolution and systematics of Malagasy microhylid frogs. Zool. Anz., 246: 23-41.
Ardrey, R. 1969. African genesis. 4th edition. New York: Dell.
Arevalo, E., Casas, G., Davis, S. K., Lara, G., Sites, J. W. 1993. Parapatric hybridization between chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Phrynosomatidae): Structure of the Ajusco transect. Copeia, 1993: 352-372.
Arevalo, E., Davis, S. K., Sites, J. W. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships among eight chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Phrynosomatidae) in central Mexico. Syst. Biol., 43: 387-418.
Arambourg, C., Coppens, Y. 1968a.Sur la découverte, dans la Pléistocène inférieur de la vallée de l'Omo (Ethiopie), d'une mandibule d'Australopithécien. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 265: 589-590.
Arambourg, C., Coppens, Y. 1968b. Découverte d'un Australopithécien nouveau dans les gisements de l'Omo (Ethiopia). S. Afr. J. Sci., 64: 58-59.
Arnold, A. 1983. Phyletic evolution in the Globorotalia crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler) lineage: A preliminary report. Paleobiology, 9: 390-397.
Arnold, M. J. 1992. Natural hybridization as an evolutionary process. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 23: 237-261.
Arnold, M. J. 1997. Natural hybridization and evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Arnold, M. J. 2006. Evolution through genetic exchange. New York: Oxford University Press.
Arnold, M. J., Bennett, B. D. 1993. Natural hybridization in Louisiana irises: Genetic variation and ecological determinants. In: Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process, ed. R. G. Harrison, pp. 115-139. New York: Oxford University Press.
Arnold, M. L., Hodges, S. A. 1995. Are natural hybrids fit or unfit relative to their parents? Trends Ecol. Evol., 10: 67-71.
Asfaw B., White T.D., Lovejoy C.O., Latimer B., Simpson S., and Suwa G. 1999. Australopithecus garhi: A new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science, 284: 629-635.
Ashburner, M. 1989. Drosophila: A laboratory handbook. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Asker, S. E., Jerling, L. 1992. Apomixis in plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Astaurov, B. L. 1936. New data on artificial parthenogenesis in the silkworm (Bombyx mori). Doklady Akademii nauk, 2: 283-286.
Astaurov, B. L. 1957. High temperature as a tool for controlling development and sex determination: A review of studies in artificial parthenogenesis, androgenesis and elimination of embryonic diapause in the silkworm Bombyx mori Linnaeus. Proc. Zool. Soc. (Calcutta), Mookerjee Memorial Volume, pp. 29-55.
Astaurov, B. L. 1967a. Artificial parthenogenesis and experimental polyploidy in silkworm. J. Sericult. Sci. Japan, 36: 277-284.
Astaurov, B. L. 1967b. Experimental alterations of the developmental cytogenetic mechanisms in mulberry silkworms: Artificial parthenogenesis, polyploidy, gynogenesis, and androgenesis. Adv. Morphog., 6: 199-257.
Astaurov, B. L. 1977. Partenogenez, androgenez i poliplodiia. Moskva: Nauka.
Auffenberg, W. 1962. A redescription of Testudo hexagona Cope. Herpetologica, 18: 27-34.
Auffenberg, W., Weaver, W. G. 1969. Gopheris berlanieri in southeastern Texas. Bull. Florida State Mus., Biol., 13: 141-203.
Austin, D. 2005. The English roses. Portland: Timber Press.
Avery, P. 1938. Cytogenetic evidences of Nicotiana phylesis in the alata-group. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., 18: 153-184.
Avise, J. C., Quattro, J. M., Vrijenhoek, R. C. 1992. Molecular clones within organismal clones. Mitochondrial DNA phylogenies and the evolutionary histories of unisexual vertebrates. J. Evol. Biol., 26: 225-246.
Ayala, F. J., Coluzzi, M. 2005. Chromosomal speciation: Humans, Drosophila, and mosquitoes. PNAS, 102: 6535-6542.
Ayre, D. J. 1984. The effects of sexual and asexual reproduction on geographic variation in the sea anemone Actinia tenebrosa. Oecologia, 62: 222-229.
Azevedo, M. F. C., Oliveira, C., Pardo, B. G., Martínez, P., Foresti, F. 2007. Cytogenetic characterization of six species of flatfishes with comments to karyotype differentiation patterns in Pleuronectiformes (Teleostei). J. Fish Biol., 70: 1-15.
Babcock, E. B. 1918. The role of factor mutations in evolution. Am. Nat., 52: 116-128.
Babcock, E. B. 1947. The genus Crepis. Univ. California Publ. Bot., vol. 21-22.
Babcock, E. B., Stebbins, G. L. 1938. The American species of Crepis. Their interrelationships and distribution as affected by polyploidy and apomixis. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington
Bailey, R. M., Gilbert, C. R. 1960. The American cyprinid fish Notropis kanawha identified as an interspecific hybrid. Copeia, 1960: 354-357.
Bajpa, S., Gingerich, P. D. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. PNAS, 95: 15464-15468
Baker, B., Bickham, J. W. 1986. Speciation by monobrachial centric fusions. PNAS, 83: 8245-8248.
Baker, M. C., Pitler-Nabors, K. J., Bradley, D. C. 1981. Early experience determines song dialect responsiveness of female sparrows. Science, 214: 819-821.
Baker, R. J. 1981. Chromosome flow between chromosomally characterized taxa of a volant mammal, Uroderma bilobatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae). Evolution, 35: 296-305.
Baker, R. J., Bleier, W. J., Atchley, W. R. 1975. A contact zone between karyotypically characterized taxa of Uroderma bilobatum (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Syst. Zool., 24: 133-142.
Bakker, R. T. 1986. The dinosaur heresies. New York: William Morrow.
Baldwin, J. T. 1941. Galax: The genus and its chromosomes. J. Hered., 32: 249-254.
Ball, S. C. 1934. Hybrid ducks, including descriptions of two crosses of Bucephala and Lophodytes. Bulletin (Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist.), no. 3.
Balon, E. K., Duvené de Wit, J. J., Holcik, J. 1962. The early stages of development of the intersubfamiliar hybrid Puntius anoplus × Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae). Anat. Anz., 168: 102-112.
Banaszek, A., Fedyk, S., Fiedorczuk, U., Szalaj, K. A., Chętnicki, W. 2002. Meiotic studies of male common shrews (Sorex araneus L.) from a hybridization zone between chromosome races. Cytogen. Gen. Res., 96: 40-44.
Banaszek, A., Fedyk, S., Szalaj, K. A., Chętnicki, W. 2000a. A comparison of spermatogenesis in homozygotes, simple Robertsonian heterozygotes and complex heterozygotes of the Common Shrew (Sorex araneus L.). Heredity, 84: 570-577.
Banaszek, A., Fedyk, S., Szalaj, K. A., Chętnicki, W. 2000b. Reproductive performance in two hybrid zones between chromosome races of the Common Shrew Sorex araneus in Poland. Acta Theriol., 45(Suppl.): 69-78.
Banaszek, A., Smakulska, J., Fedyk, S., Jadwiszczak, K. A., Chętnicki, W. 2003. Morphometric differentiation of shrews (Sorex araneus L., 1758) from the hybrid zone between the Guzowy Mlyn and Legucki Mlyn chromosome races in Poland. Mammalia, 67: 217-224.
Banister, K., Campbell, A. 1985. Encyclopedia of aquatic life. New York: Facts on File.
Barbour, R. A. 1977. The anatomy of marsupials. In: The biology of marsupials, eds. B. Stonehouse, D. Gilmore, pp. 237-272. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Bardet, N., Fernandez, M. 2000. A new ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones of Bavaria. J. Paleont., 74: 503-511.
Barlow, J. C. 1984. Xenarthrans and pholidotes. In: Recent mammals of the world: A synopsis of families, eds. S. Anderson, J. K. Jones, pp. 219-239. New York: Ronald Press.
Barrio, A., Pistol de Rubel, D. 1972. Encuesta cariotypica de poblaciones argentino-uruguayas de Odontophrynus americanus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) relacionada con otros rasquos taxonomicos. Physis, 31: 218-291.
Barrio, A., Rinaldi de Chieri, P. 1970. Estudios citogenéticos sobre el género Pleurodema y sous consecuencias evolutivas (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Physis, 30: 309-319.
Barton, N. H., Gale, K. S. 1993. Genetic analysis of hybrid zones. In: Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process, ed. R. G. Harrison, pp. 13-45. New York: Oxford University Press.
Barton, N. H., Hewitt, G. M. 1985. Analysis of hybrid zones. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 16: 113-148.
Barton, N. H., Rouhani, S. 1991. The probability of fixation of a new karyotype in a continuous population. Evolution, 45: 499-517.
Barton, N.H. 1979. Gene flow past a cline. Heredity, 43: 333-339.
Basrur, P. K. 1969. Hybrid sterility. In: Comparative mammalian cytogenetics, ed. K. Benirschke, pp. 107-131. New York: Springer Verlag.
Bateson, W. 1894. Materials for the study of variation, treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species. London: Macmillan.
Bateson, W. 1909. Heredity and variation in modern lights. In: Darwin and modern science, ed. A. C. Seward, pp. 85-101. Cambridge University Press.
Batistic, R. F., Soma, M., Beçak, M. L., Beçak, W. 1975. Further studies on polyploid amphibians. A diploid population of Phyllomedusa burmeisteri. J. Hered., 66: 160-162.
Baverstock, P. R., Adams, M., Watts, C. H. S. 1986. Biochemical differentiation among Australian Rattus. Genetica, 71: 11-22.
Baverstock, P. R., Gelder, M., Jahnke, A. 1983. Chromosome evolution in Australian Rattus - G-banding and hybrid meiosis. Genetica, 60: 93-103.
Bazykin, A. D. 1969. Hypothetical mechanism of speciation. Evolution, 23: 685-687.
Beardslee, C. S., Mitchell, H. D. 1965. Birds of the Niagara frontier region. Buffalo: Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.
Beasley, J. O. 1940. The origin of American tetraploid Gossypium species. Am. Nat., 74: 285-286.
Beçak, M. L., Beçak, W., Rabello, M. N. 1966. Cytological evidence of constant tetraploidy in the bisexual South American frog Odontophrynus americanus. Chromosoma, 19: 188-193.
Beçak, M. L., Beçak, W., Rabello, M. N. 1967. Further studies on polyploid amphibians (Ceratophrydidae). I. Mitotic and meiotic aspects. Chromosoma, 22: 192-201.
Beçak, M. L., Denaro, L., Beçak, W. 1970. Polyploidy and mechanisms of karyotypic diversification in Amphibia. Cytogenetics, 9: 225-238.
Bed'Hom, B., Coullin, P., Guillier, G. Z., Moulin, S., Bernheim, A., Volobouev, V. 2003. Characterization of the atypical karyotype of the Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) by means of classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Chrom. Res., 11: 335-343.
Bee, C. A., Close, R. L. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of introgression between adjacent taxa of rock-wallabies, Petrogale species (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). Genet. Res., 61: 21-37.
Behrman, S. J., Patton, G. W. 1988. Evaluation of fertility in the 1980s. In: Progress in Infertility, eds. S. J. Behrman, R. W. Kistner, G. W. Patton, 3rd ed., pp. 1-22. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Bell, R. L., Hough, L. F. 1986. Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization of Pyrus. HortScience, 21: 62-64.
Bell, W. J. 1949. A box of old bones: A note on the identification of the mastodon, 1766-1806. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 93: 169-177.
Belterman, R. H., Boer, L. E. M. 1984. The karyological study of 55 species of birds, including karyotypes of 39 species new to cytology. Genetica, 65: 39-82.
Benazzi-Lentati, G., Benazzi, M. 1981. Contrasting power of the factors for fission and sexuality in a polyploid planarian. In: Biology of the Turbellaria, ed. N. W. Riser, M. P. Morse, pp. 167-169. New York: McGraw Hill.
Benedict, R. A. 1997. Morphological and genetic analyses of a hybrid zone between short-tailed shrews (Blarina) in Nebraska. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Benedict, R. A. 1999a. Characteristics of a hybrid zone between two species of short-tailed shrews (Blarina). J. Mammal., 80: 135-141.
Benedict, R. A. 1999b. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA variation in a hybrid zone between short-tailed shrews (Blarina) in Nebraska. J. Mammal., 80: 112-134.
Bengtsson, B. O. 1980. Rates of karyotypic evolution in placental mammals. Hereditas, 92: 37-47.
Benirschke, K., Sullivan, M. M. 1966. Corpora lutea in proven mules. Fert. Ster., 17: 24-33.
Bensch, S., Helbig, A. J., Salomon, M., Seibold, I. 2002. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis identifies hybrids between two subspecies of warblers. Mol. Ecol., 11: 473-481.
Benson, L. 1950. The cacti of Arizona. 2nd ed. Tucson: University of Arizona.
Benson, L. 1969. The cacti of Arizona. 3rd ed. Tucson: University of Arizona.
Benson, L. 1982. The cacti of the United States and Canada. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Benson, L., Thornber, J. J., Nichol. A. A. 1940. The cacti of Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona.
Benton, M. J. ed. 1993. The fossil record 2. London: Chapman & Hall.
Berger, L. 1977. Systematics and hybridization in the Rana esculenta complex. In: The reproductive biology of amphibians, eds. D. H. Taylor, S. I. Guttman, pp. 367-388. New York: Plenum Press.
Bermudes, D., Margulis, L. 1987. Symbiont acquisition as neoseme: Origin of species and higher taxa. Symbiosis, 4: 185-198.
Bert, T. M., Arnold, W. S. 1995. An empirical test of predictions of two competing models for the maintenance and fate of hybrid zones: Both models are supported in a hard-clam hybrid zone. Evolution, 49: 276-289.
Besterman, T. ed. 1984. Voltaire: Philosophical dictionary. New York: Penguin Books.
Bhatnagar, M. K. 1968. Cytogenetic studies of some avian species. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Guelph.
Bianucci, G., Landini, W. 2006. Killer sperm whale: A new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy. Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 148 , 103-131.
Bickham, J. W. 1984. Patterns and modes of chromosomal evolution in reptiles. In: Chromosomes in Evolution of Eukaryotic Groups, eds. A. K. Sharma, A. Sharma, pp. 13-40. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Bickham, J. W., Baker, R. J. 1980. Reassessment of the nature of chromosomal evolution in Mus musculus. Syst. Zool., 29: 159-162.
Billingham, R. E., Poole, H. K., Silvers, W. K. 1961. Transplantation immunity, immunological tolerance, and chicken × turkey interspecific hybrids. PNAS, 47: 1039-1043.
Binet, M. C., Angers, B. 2005. Genetic identification of members of the Phoxinus eos-neogaeus hybrid complex. J. Fish Biol., 67: 1169-1177.
Birkhead, T. 2003. A brand-new bird. New York: Basic Books.
Birstein, V. J., Hanner, R., DeSalle, R. 1997. Phylogeny of the Acipenseriformes: Cytogenetic and molecular approaches. In: Sturgeon biodiversity and conservation, eds. V. J. Birstein, J. R., Waldman, W. E. Bemis, pp. 127-155. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Bishop, W. H. 1964. The paternal contribution to embryonic death. J. Reprod. Fert., 7: 383.
Bishop, W. H. 1970. Ageing and reproduction in the male. J. Reprod. Fert., 12(Suppl.): 65.
Black, D. 1926. Tertiary man in Asia: the Choukoutien discovery. Nature 118: 733-734.
Black, R., Johnson, M. S. 1979. Asexual viviparity and population genetics of Actinia tenebrosa. Mar. Biol., 53: 27-31.
Blacklidge, K. H., Bidwell, C. A. 1993. Three ploidy levels indicated by genome quantification in Acipenseriformes of North America. J. Hered., 84: 427-430.
Blair, A. P. 1941. Variation, isolating mechanisms and hybridization in certain toads. Genetics, 26: 398-417.
Blair, W. F. 1972. Evidence from hybridization. In: Evolution of the genus Bufo, ed. W. F. Blair, pp. 196-232. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Blakeslee, A. F., Avery, A. G. 1937. Methods of inducing doubling of chromosomes in plants. Heredity, 28: 393-411.
Blanc, G., Wolfe, K. H. 2004. Widespread paleopolyploidy in model plant species inferred from age distributions of duplicate genes. Plant Cell, 16: 1667-1678.
Bock, I. A. 1984. Interspecific hybridization in the genus Drosophila. In: Evolutionary Biology, eds. M. K. Hecht, B. Wallace, G. T. Prance, vol. XVIII, pp. 41-70. New York: Plenum Press.
Boehm, E. F. 1954. Status of the Yellow Rosella. S. Austral. Orn., 21: 28.
Bogart, J. P. 1967. Chromosomes of the South American amphibian family Ceratophridae with a reconsideration of the taxonomic status of Odontophrynus americanus. Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 9: 531-542.
Bogart, J. P. 1969. Chromosomal evidence for evolution in the genus Bufo. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin.
Bogart, J. P. 1972. Karyotypes. In: Evolution in the genus Bufo, ed. W. F. Blair, pp. 171-195. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bogart, J. P. 1973. A karyosystematic study of frogs in the genus Leptodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Copeia, 1974: 728-737.
Bogart, J. P. 1980. Evolutionary implications of polyploidy in amphibians and reptiles. In: Polyploidy: Biological relevance, ed. W. H. Lewis, pp. 341-378. New York: Plenum Press.
Bogart, J. P. 2000. Genetics and systematics of hybrid species. In: Reproductive biology and phylogeny of Urodela, ed. D. M. Sever, vol. I, pp. 109-134. New York: Plenum Press.
Bogart, J. P., Lowcock, L. A., Zeyle, C. W., Mable, B. K. 1987. Genome constitution and reproductive biology of the Ambystoma hybrid salamanders on Kelley's Island in Lake Erie. Can. J. Zool., 65: 2188-2201.
Bogart, J. P., Tandy, M. 1976. Polyploid amphibians: Three more diploid-tetraploid cryptic species of frogs. Science, 193: 334-335.
Bogart, J. P., Wasserman, A. O. 1972. Diploid-tetraploid cryptic species pairs: A possible clue to evolution by polyploidization in anuran amphibians. Cytogenetics, 11: 7-24.
Boissinot, S., Ineich, I., Thaler, L., Guillaume, C. P. 1997. Hybrid origin and clonal diversity in the parthenogenetic gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris in French Polynesia. J. Herpetol.,31: 295-298.
Bone, Q., Goto, T. 1991. The nervous system. In: The biology of chaetognaths, eds. Q. Bone, H. Kapp, A. C. Pierrot-Bults, pp. 20-31. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bone, Q., Kapp, H., Pierrot-Bults, A. C. 1991. Introduction and relationships of the group. In: The biology of chaetognaths, eds. Q. Bone, H. Kapp, A. C. Pierrot-Bults, pp. 1-4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bonhomme, F., Catalan, J., Britton-Davidian, J., Chapman, V. M., Moriwaki, K., Nevo, E., Thaler, L. 1984. Biochemical diversity and evolution in the genus Mus. Biochem. Genet., 22: 275-303.
Bonhomme, F., Catalan, J., Orsini, P., Guerassimo, S., Thaler, L. 1983. Le complexe d'espèces du genre Mus en Europe central. Z. Säugetierk., 48: 78-85.
Boorstin, D. J. 1983. The discoverers. New York: Random House.
Borgen, L., Leitch, I., Santos-Guerra, A. 2003. Genome organization in diploid hybrid species of Argyranthemum (Asteraceae) in the Canary Islands. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 141: 491-501.
Borodin, P. M., Rogatcheva, M. B., Zhelezova, A. I., Oda, S. 1998. Chromosome pairing in inter-racial hybrids of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora, Soricidae). Genome, 41: 79-90.
Bostock, J., Riley, H. T. 1855. The natural history of Pliny. London: Henry G. Bohn.
Boucher, Y., Douady, C.J., Papke, R.T., Walsh, D.A. Boudreau, M.E.R., Nesbø, C.L. Case, R.J., Doolittle, W.F. 2003. Lateral gene transfer, adaptation and the origins of prokaryotic groups. Ann. Rev. Genet., 37:283-328.
Bouetel, V. 2005. Phylogenetic implications of skull structure and feeding behavior in balaenopterids (Cetacea, Mysticeti). J. Mamm., 86:139-146.
Bowers, J. E., Chapman, B. A., Rong, J. K., Paterson, A. H. 2003. Unravelling angiosperm genome evolution by phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal duplication events. Nature, 422: 433-438.
Bowers, J. H., Baker, R. J., Smith, M. H. 1973. Chromosomal, electrophoretic, and breeding studies of selected populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and black-eared mice (P. malanotis). Evolution, 27: 378-386.
Bowler, P. J. 1989. Evolution: The history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bradley, D. G., MacHugh, D. E., Cunningham, P., Loftus, R. T. 1996. Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle. PNAS., 93: 5131-5135.
Bradley, D. G., MacHugh, D. E., Loftus, R. T., Sow, R. S., Hosk, C. H., Cunningham, E. P. 1994. Zebu-taurine variation in Y chromosomal DNA: A sensitive assay for genetic introgression in west African trypanotolerant cattle populations. Animal Genetics, 25: 7-12.
Brainerd, E. 1924. Some natural violet hybrids of North America. Bulletin no. 239. Burlington: Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station.
Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A. A., Geissmann, T., Groves, C. P., Melnick, D. J., Morales, J. C., Shekelle, M., Stewart, C. B. 2004. Asian primate classification. Int. J. Primatol., 25: 97-164.
Bremekamp, C. E. B. 1953. Linne's views on the hierarchy of the taxonomic groups. Acta Bot. Neerl., 2: 242-253.
Briehagen, T. 1984. Adoption of a brood of Temmink's Stint Calidris temminckii by the Dunlin Calidris alpina. Orn. Fenn., 61: 95-96.
Briggs, J. C. 1987. Biogeography and plate tectonics. New York: Elsevier.
Brilmayer, B. 1960. All about begonias. Garden City: Double Day & Co.
Britton-Davidian, J., Nadeau, J. H., Croset, H., Thaler, L. 1989. Genic differentiation and origin of Robersonian populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus Rutty). Genetical Research, 53: 29-44.
Brochmann, C. 1984. Hybridization and distribution of Argyranthemum coronopifolium (Asteraceae-Anthemidae) in the Canary Islands. Nord. J. Bot., 4: 729-736.
Brochmann, C., Borgen, L., Stabbetorp, O. E. 2000. Multiple diploid hybrid speciation of the Canary Island endemic Argyrantheum sundingii (Asteraceae). Plant Syst. Evol., 220: 77-92.
Brochmann, C., Brysting, A. K., Alsos, I. G., Borgen, L., Grundt, H. H., Scheen, A.-C., Elven, R, 2004. Polyploidy in arctic plants. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 82: 521-536.
Brock, R. D. 1955. Chromosome balance and endosperm failure in hyacinths. Heredity, 9: 199-222.
Brocka, P. 1864. On the phenomenon of hybridity in the genus Homo. London: Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts.
Brodkorb, P. 1971. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 5 (Passeriformes). Bull. Florida State Mus., 23: 139-228.
Broili, F. 1927. Ein Rhamphorhynchus mit Spuren von Haarbedeckung. Sitz. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math. Ab., pp. 49-67.
Broili, F. 1938. Beobachtungen an Pterodactylus. Sitz. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math. Ab., pp. 139-154.
Broili, F. 1939. Ein Dorygnathus mit Hautresten. Sitz. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math. Ab., pp. 129-132.
Broom R. 1938. The Pleistocene anthropoid apes of South Africa. Nature 142: 377-379.
Broom, R. and Schepers, G. W. H. 1946. The South African fossil ape-men: The Australopithecinae. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.
Bromage, T.G. et al. 2008. Craniofacial architectural constraints and their importance for reconstructing the early Homo skull KNM-ER 1470. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 33(1):43-54.
Bronson, C. L., Grubb, T. C., Satler, G. D., Braun, M. J. 2003. Mate preference: A possible causal mechanism for a moving hybrid zone. Anim. Behav., 65: 489-500.
Brooks, A. 1907. A hybrid grouse, Richardson's + Sharp-tail. Auk, 24: 167-169.
Brooksbank, A. 1949. Foreign birds for garden aviaries. London: Cage Birds.
Brown, P. et al. 2004. A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature, 431: 1055-1061.
Bruce, E. J., Ayala F. J. 1979. Phylogenetic relationships between man and the apes: Rlectrophoretic evidence. Evolution, 33: 1040-1056.
Brumback, R. A. 1974. A third species of the owl monkey (Aotus). J. Hered., 65: 321-323.
Brünner, H., Hausser, J. 1997. Genetic and karyotypic structure of a hybrid zone between the chromosomal races Cordon and Valais in the Common Shrew, Sorex araneus. Hereditas, 125: 147-158.
Brunet, M. F., G., Pilbeam, D., Mackaye, H. T. A., Likius, Ahounta, D., Beauvilain, A., Blondel, C., Bocherens, H., Boisserie, J-R., De Bonis, L., Coppens, Y., Dejax, J., Denys, C. P. Duringer, Eisenmann, V., Fanone, G., Fronty, P., Geraads, D., Lehmann, T., Lihoreau, F., Louchart, A., Mahamat, A., Merceron, G., Mouchelin, G., Otero, O., Campomanes, P. P., Marcia De Leon, P., Rage, J-C., Sapanet, M., Schuster, M., Sudre, J., Tassy, P., Valentin, X., Vignaud, P., Viriot, L., Zazzo, A., Zollikofer, C. 2002. A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature, 418(6894): 145-151.
Brusca, R. C., Brusca, G. J. 1990. Invertebrates. Sunderland: Sinauer.
Buchan, G. 1977. Mallard, Grey, and hybrid ducks in Otago and Southland. Diploma of Science thesis, Dunedin, New Zealand, Univ. Otago.
Budge, E. A. W. (Sir). 1969. The gods of the Egyptians; or, Studies in Egyptian mythology. New York: Dover Publications.
Buffon, G. L. L. 1749-1804. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière. Paris: Imprimerie Royale.
Bulatova, N. S. 1973. A cytotaxonomic study of three related families of birds: Fringillidae, Emberizidae, Ploceidae. Z. zool Syst. Evolutionsf., 11: 233-239.
Bulatova, N. S., Panov E. N. 1973. Comparative analysis of karyotypes of 18 species of the family Turdidae (Aves). Caryologia, 26: 219-224.
Bulatova, N. S., Radiabli, S. I., Panov, E. N. 1972. Karyological description of three species of the genus Passer. Experientia, 28: 1369-1372.
Bull, J. J. 1983. Evolution of sex determining mechanisms. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings.
Bullini, L. 1990. Speciation by hybridization in phasmids and other insects. Can. J. Zool., 9: 422-426.
Bullini, L., Nascetti, G. 1994. Origin and evolution of animal hybrid species. Trends Ecol. Evol., 68: 1747-1760.
Burkhardt, F., Smith, S. eds. 1991. The correspondence of Charles Darwin. vol. 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burroughs, E. R. 1918. Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
Burton, T. L., Husband, B. C. 2000. Fitness differences among diploids, triploids, and their triploid progeny in Chamerion angustifolium: Mechanisms of inviability and implications for polyploid evolution. Evolution, 54: 1182-1191.
Bush, G. L. 1975. Modes of animal speciation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 6: 339-364.
Bush, G. L., Case, S. M., Wilson, A. C., Patton, J. L. 1977. Rapid speciation and chromosomal evolution in mammals. PNAS, 74: 3942-3946.
Buth, D. G., Dowling, T. E., Gold, J. R. 1991. Molecular and cytological investigations. In: The biology of cyprinid fishes, eds. I. Winfield, J. Nelson, pp. 83-126. London: Chapman and Hall.
Butler, A. G. 1906. Notes on hybrid Ploceidae. Avicult. Mag., N.S., 4: 345-354.
Butlin, R. K. 2005. Mystery of mysteries no longer? Evolution, 59: 243-245.
Cain, A. J. 1955. A revision of Trichoglossus haematodus and of the Australian platycercine parrots. Ibis, 97: 432-479.
Calder, W. A. 1978. The kiwi. Sci. Am., 239: 132-142.
Callan, H. G., Lloyd, L. 1960. Lampbrush chromosomes of crested newts, Triturus cristatus (Laurenti). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 243: 135-219.
Callender, L. A. 1988. Gregor Mendel - An opponent of descent with modification. History of Science, 26: 41-75.
Camp, W. H. 1945. The North American blueberries, with notes on other groups of Vacciniaceae. Brittonia, 5: 203-275.
Campbell, N. A. 1987. Biology. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings.
Camper, P. 1786. Conjectures relative to the petrifactions found in St. Peter's Mountain, near Maestricht. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 76: 443-456.
Capanna, E. 1973. Concluding remarks. In: Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolution, eds. A. B. Chiarelli, E. Capanna, pp. 681-695. London: Academic Press.
Capanna, E. 1982. Robersonian numerical variation in animal speciation: Mus musculus, an emblematic model. In: Mechanisms of Speciation, ed. C. Barigozzi, pp. 155-174. New York: Alan R. Liss.
Capanna, E., Cataudella, S., Volpe, R. 1974. An intergeneric hybrid between the Rainbow Trout and the Freshwater Char (Salmo gairdneri × Salvelinus frontinalis). Boll. Pesca, Piscicolt, Idrobiol., 29: 101-106.
Carbonell, E. et al. 2008. The first hominin of Europe. Nature 452: 465-469.
Carboneras, C. 1992. Order Anseriformes. In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. I, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 528-630. Barcelona: Lynx.
Carmona, J. A., Sanjur, O. I., Doadrio, I., Machordom, A., Vrijenhoek, R. C. 1997. Hybridogenetic reproduction and maternal ancestry of polyploid Iberian fish: The Tropidophoxinellus alburnoides complex. Genetics, 146: 983-993.
Carpenter, W. B. 1851. Principles of physiology: General and comparative. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Carroll, R. L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Carroll, R. L. 1997. Patterns and processes of vertebrate evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Carson, H. L. 1981. Homosequential species of Hawaiian Drosophila. Chromosomes Today, 7: 150-164.
Carson, H. L., Clayton, F., Stalker, H. D. 1967. Karyotypic stability and speciation in Hawaiian Drosophila. PNAS, 57: 1280-1285.
Carson, H. L., Stalker, H. D. 1968. Polytene chromosome relationships in Hawaiian species of Drosophila. I, II, and III. University of Texas Publications, 6818: 325-380.
Carver, B. F., Taliaferro, C. M. 1992. Selection theory and procedure in progenies of distant hybrids. In: Distant hybridization in crop plants, eds., G. Kalloo, J. B. Chowdhury, pp. 122-148. New York: Springer Verlag.
Carwardine, M. 2000. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises. New York: Dorling Kindersley.
Case, E. C. 1934. Description of a skull of Kannemeyeria erithrea Haughton. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
Castle, W. E. 1915. Some experiments in mass selection. Am. Nat., 49: 713-726.
Castle, W. E. 1919a. Pie-bald rats and selection: A correction. Am. Nat., 53: 370-375.
Castle, W. E. 1919b. Pie-bald rats and the theory of genes. PNAS, 5: 126-130.
Castro, M. S., Recco-Pimentel, S. M., Rocha, G. T. 2002. Karyotypic characterization of Ramphastidae (Piciformes, Aves). Gen. Mol. Biol., 25: 147-150.
Caten, C. E., Newton, A. C. 2000. Variation in cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility and electrophoretic karyotype within field populations of Stagonospora nodorum. Plant Path., 49: 219-226.
Cayouette, J., Morisett, P. 1985. Chromosomal studies on natural hybrids between maritime species of Carex (sections Phacocystis and Cryptocarpae) in northeastern North America, and their taxonomic implications. Can. J. Bot., 63: 1957-1982.
Challice, J., Kovanda, M. 1978. Flavonoids as markers of taxonomic relationships in the genus Sorbus in Europe. Preslia, 50: 305-320.
Chan, C., Ballantyne, K. N., Aikman, H., Fastier, D., Daugherty, C. H., Chambers, G., K. 2006. Genetic analysis of interspecific hybridisation in the world's only Forbes' Parakeet (Cyanoramphus forbesi) natural population. Conserv. Genet., 7: 493-506.
Chandley, A. C., Jones, R. C., McBeath, S., Allen, W. R. 1974. Meiosis in interspecific equine hybrids. I. The male mule (Equus asinus × E. caballus) and hinny (E. caballus × E. asinus). Cytogen. Cell Gen., 13: 330-341.
Charlesworth, D. 2002. Plant sex determination and sex chromosomes. Heredity, 88: 94-101.
Cheke, R. A., Mann, C. F. 2001. Sunbirds: A guide to the sunbirds, flowerpeckers, spiderhunters and sugarbirds of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Chevreul, M. E. 1846. Considérations générales sur les variations des individus qui composent les groupes appelés, en histoire naturelle, variétés, races, sous-espèces et espèces. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., 3rd Ser., 6: 142-214.
Chiarelli, B. 1975. The study of primate chromosomes. In: Primate functional morphology and evolution, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (Chicago), pp. 103-127.
Ching, I. P. 1988. The biosystematics of Ludwigia sect. Microcarpium (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 75: 970-1009.
Chourrout, D., Chevassus, B., Krieg, F., Happe, A., Burger, G., Renard, P. 1986. Production of second generation triploid and tetraploid rainbow trout by mating tetraploid males and diploid females. Potentials of tetraploid fish. Theor. Appl. Genet., 72: 193-206.
Christidis, L. 1983. Extensive chromosomal repatterning in two congeneric species: Pytilia melba, L. and Pytilia phoenicoptera Swainson (Estrildidae; Aves). Cytogen. Cell Gen., 36: 641-648.
Christidis, L. 1986a. Chromosomal evolution within the family Estrildidae (Aves) I. The Poephilae. Genetica, 71: 81-97.
Christidis, L. 1986b. Chromosomal evolution within the family. Estrildidae (Aves). II. The Lonchurae. Genetica, 71: 99-113.
Christidis, L. 1987. Chromosomal evolution within the family Estrildidae (Aves) III. The Estrildae (waxbill finches). Genetica, 7: 93-100.
Christopher, S. C., Greene, C. W., Dickinson, T. A. 1991. Reproductive biology in subfam. Maloideae (Rosaceae). Syst. Bot., 16: 333-349.
Clausen, J. 1926. Genetical and cytological investigations on Viola tricolor L. and V. arvensis Murr. Hereditas, 8: 1-156.
Clausen, J. 1931. Cytologenetic and taxonomic investigations on Melanium violets. Hereditas, 15: 219-308.
Clausen, J., Keck, D. D., Hiesey, W. M. 1940-1958. Experimental studies on the nature of species. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Clausen, J., Keck, D. D., Hiesey, W. M. 1947. Heredity of geographically and ecologically isolated races. Am. Nat., 81: 114-133.
Clayton, N. S. 1996a. Assortative mating in Zebra Finch subspecies, Taeniopygia guttata guttata and T. g. castanotis. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., , B, 330: 351-370.
Clayton, N. S. 1996b. Mate choice and pair formation in Timor and Australian Mainland Zebra finches. Trends Ecol. Evol., 4: 82-84.
Clayton, N. S. 1996c. Subspecies recognition and song learning in Zebra Finch subspecies. Anim. Behav., 40: 1009-1017.
Clayton, N. S. 1996d. The effects of cross-fostering on assortative mating between Zebra Finch subspecies. Anim. Behav., 40: 1102-1110.
Cleland, R. E. 1962. The cytogenetics of Oenothera. Adv. Genet., 11: 147-237.
Cleland, R. E. 1972. Oenothera: Cytogenetics and evolution. New York: Academic Press.
Clemens, W. A. 1979. Marsupialia. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two-thirds of mammalian history, eds. J. A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, W. A. Clemens, pp. 192-220. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Clemens, W. A., Lillegraven, J. A., Lindsay, E. H., Simpson, G. G. 1979. Where, when and what: A survey of known Mesozoic mammal distribution. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two-thirds of mammalian history, eds. J. A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, W. A. Clemens, pp. 7-58. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Close, R. L., Bell, J. N. 1997. Fertile hybrids in two genera of wallabies: Petrogale and Thylogale. J. Hered., 88: 393-397.
Close, R. L., Bell, J. N., Dollin, A. E., Harding, H. R. 1996. Spermatogenesis and synaptonemal complexes of hybrid rock-wallabies Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). J. Hered., 87: 96-107.
Coffing, K., Feibel, C., Leakey, M. and Walker, A. 1994. Four million year old hominids from East Lake Turkana, Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 93: 55-65.
Cohen, B. L., et al. 1997. Enigmatic phylogeny of the skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae). Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, 264(1379): 181-190.
Coimbra-Filho, A. F., Pissinatti, A., Rylands, A. B. 1993. Experimental multiple hybridism and natural hybrids among Callithrix species from eastern Brazil. In: Marmosets and tamarins: Systematics, ecology, and behaviour, ed. A. B. Rylands, pp. 95-120. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Colard, J.-C. 1992. A propos de la contribution du Tarin rouge et du Chardonneret dans l'obtention du Canari mosaïque. Journal des Oiseaux, 257: 19-20.
Colbert, E. H. 1948, The mammal-like reptile Lycaenops. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 89: 353-404,
Cole, C. J., Dessauer, H. C., Barrowclough, G. F. 1988. Hybrid origin of a unisexual species of whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, in western North America: New evidence and a review. Am. Mus. Nov., no. 2905.
Cole, C. J., Dessauer, H. C., Markezich, A. L. 1993. Missing link found: The second ancestor of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Squamata: teiidae), a South American unisexual lizard of hybrid origin. Am. Mus. Nov., no. 3055.
Cole, C. J., Dessauer, H. C., Townsend, C. R., Arnold, M. G. 1995. Kentropyx borckiana (Squamata: Teiidae): A unisexual lizard of hybrid origin in the Guiana region, South America. Am. Mus. Nov., no. 3145.
Cole, L. J., Hollander, W. F. 1950. Hybrids of pigeon by Ring Dove. Am. Nat., 84: 275-307.
Coleman, W. 1962. Georges Cuvier, Zoologist. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Collar, N. J. 1997. Family Psittacidae (parrots). In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. IV, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 280-479. Barcelona: Lynx.
Colman, W. 1964. Georges Cuvier, Zoologist. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Conant, D. S., Cooper-Driver, B. 1980. Autogamous allohomoploidy in Alsophila and Nephelea (Cyanteaceae): A new hypothesis for speciation in homosporous ferns. Am. J. Bot., 67: 1269-1288.
Constantine, D. G. 1961. Spotted Bat and Big-free-tailed Bat in northern New Mexico. Southwest. Natur., 6: 92-97.
Coombs, W. P. 1984. The ankylosauria. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, New York.
Cooper, S. J. B., Reardon, T. B., Skilins, J. 1998. Molecular systematics of Australian rhinolophid bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Austral. J. Zool., 46: 203-220.
Cope, E. D. 1869. On the reptilian orders Pythonomorpha and Streptosauria. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 12: 250- 266.
Cope, E. D. 1895. Fourth contribution to the marine fauna of the United States, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 34: 135-155.
Cordes, J. E., Walker, J. M. 2006. Evolutionary and systematic implications of skin histocompatibility among parthenogenetic teiid lizards: Three color pattern classes of Aspidoscelis dixoni and one of Aspidoscelis tesselata. Copeia, 2006: 14-26.
Corti, M., Ciabatti, C. M. 1990. The structure of a chromosomal hybrid zone of house mice (Mus) in central Italy: Cytogenetic analysis. Z. Zool. Syst. Evol., 28: 277-288.
Cothran, E. G., Honeycutt, R. L. 1984. Chromosomal differentiation of hybridizing ground squirrels (Spermophilus mexicanus and S. tridecemlineatus). J. Mammal., 65: 118-122.
Coyne, A. J., Orr, H. A. 1998. The evolutionary genetics of speciation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., , B, 353: 287-305.
Coyne, A. J., Orr, H. A. 2004. Speciation. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Coyne, J. A., Meyers, W., Crittenden, A. P., Sniegowski, P. 1993. The fertility effects of pericentric inversions in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics,134: 487-496.
Crabtree, C. B., Buth, D. G. 1987. Biochemical systematics of the catostomid genus Catostomus: Assessment of C. clarki, C. plebius, and C. discobolus including the Zuni sucker, C. d. yarrowi. Copeia, 1987: 843-854.
Cracraft, J. 1983. Species concepts and speciation analysis. Ornithology, 1: 159-187.
Cracraft, J. 1989. Speciation and its ontology. In: Speciation and its consequences, eds. D. Otte, J. A. Endler, pp. 3-27. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Crew, F. A. E., Koller, P. C. 1936. Genetical and cytological studies of the intergeneric hybrid of Cairina moschata and Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B, 56: 210-241.
Cribiu, E. P., Matejka, M., Denis, B., Mahler, X. 1988. Étude chromosomique d'un hybride chèvre × mouton fertile. Génét. Sélect. Évol., 20: 379-386.
Crochet, J. Y. 1986. Kasserinotherium tunisiense nov. gen., nov. sp., troisième marsupial découvert en Afrique (Eocène inférieur de Tunisie). C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II, 14: 923-926.
Cuellar, O. 1976. Cytology of meiosis in the triploid gynogenetic salamander Ambystoma tremblayi. Chromosoma, 58: 355-364.
Culotta, E. 1999. A new human ancestor? Science 284: 572-573.
Cuny, R., Malacinski, G. M. 1985. Banding differences between tiger salamander and axolotl chromosomes. Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 27: 510-514.
Cuvier, G. (Baron), Daubenton, M., Vicq-d'Azyr, M., de Saint-Lambert M. 1839-1844. Oeuvres complètes de Buffon: Avec des extraits de Daubenton, et la classification de Cuvier. Paris: Société des Publications illustrées.
Cuvier, G. (Baron). 1798. Tableau è�lè�mentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris: Baudouin.
Cuvier, G. (Baron). 1812. Récherches sur les ossemens fossiles des quadrupèdes. Paris: Deterville.
Cuvier, G. (Baron). 1817. Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation. Paris: Deterville.
Cuvier, G. (Baron). 1818. Essay on the theory of the earth. New York: Kirk & Mercein.
Cuvier, G. (Baron). 1827. Essay on the theory of the earth. 5th ed. London: T. Cadell.
Czapik, R. W. 1985. Apomictic embryo sacs in diploid Waldsteinia geoides. Acta biol. Cracoviensia (Krakow), Ser. Bot., 27: 29-37.
Dagg, A. I. 1962. The subspeciation of the giraffe. J. Mammal., 43: 550-552.
Dagg, A. I. 1968. External features of the giraffe. Mammalia, 32: 657-669.
Dain, A. R. 1980. A cytogenetic study of a barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) × domestic goat (Capra hircus) hybrid. Experientia, 36: 1358-1360.
Darevsky, I. S. 1992. Evolution and ecology of parthenogenesis in reptiles. In: Herpetology: Current research on the biology of amphibians and reptiles, ed. K. Adler, pp. 21-29. England: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
Darevsky, I. S., Kupriyanova, L. A., Uzzell, T. 1985. Parthenogenesis in reptiles. In: Biology of the reptilia, eds. C. Gans, F. Billett, vol. XV, pp. 411-526. New York: Wiley.
Darlington, C. D. 1932. Recent Advances in Cytology. 1st ed. London: Churchhill.
Darlington, C. D. 1937. Recent Advances in Cytology. 2nd ed. London: Churchhill.
Darlington, C. D. 1939. The evolution of genetic systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Darrow, G. M. 1966. The strawberry: history, breeding and physiology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Dart, R. 1925. Australopithecus africanus. The man-ape of South Africa. Nature, 115: 195-199.
Dart, R. 1953. The predatory transition from ape to man. International Anthropological and Linguistic Review, 1: 201-219.
Darwin, C. R. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832-1836. London: Henry Colburn.
Darwin, C. R. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of the favored races in the struggle for life. 1st ed. London: John Murray.
Darwin, C. R. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. 1st ed. London: John Murray.
Darwin, C. R. 1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of the favored races in the struggle for life. 5th ed. London: John Murray.
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray.
Darwin, C. R. 1872. On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of the favored races in the struggle for life. 6th ed. London: John Murray.
Darwin, C. R. 1875. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. 2nd ed. London: John Murray.
Darwin, F. ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin. London: John Murray.
Darwin, F. ed. 1909. The foundations of "The Origin of Species." Two essays written in 1842 and 1844. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Darwin, F., Seward, A. C. eds. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. London: John Murray.
Dasgupta, S. 1962. Induction of triploidy by hydrostatic pressure. J. Exp. Zool., 151: 105-116.
Daudin, H. 1926. De Linné à Jussieu; méthodes de la classification et idée de série en botanique et en zoologie (1740-1790). Paris: F. Alcan.
David, C. J., Pandian, T. J. 2006. Maternal and paternal hybrid triploids of tetras. J. Fish Biol., 69: 1102-1119.
David, L., Blum, S., Feldman, M. W., Lavi, U., Hillel, J. 2003. Recent duplication of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) genome as revealed by analyses of microsatellite loci. Mol. Biol. Evol., 20: 1425-1434.
Dawley, R. M., Goddard, K. A. 1988. Diploid-triploid mosaics among unisexual hybrids of the minnows Phoxinus eos and Phoxinus neogaeus. Evolution, 42: 649-659.
Dawley, R. M., Schultz, R. J., Goddard, K. A. 1987. Clonal reproduction and polyploidy in unisexual hybrids of Phoxinus eos and Phoxinus neogaeus (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Copeia, 1987: 275-283.
Dawson, W. D. 1965. Fertility and size inheritance in a Peromyscus species cross. Evolution, 19: 44-55.
de Buffrénil, V., Mazin, J. 1990. Bone histology of the ichthyosaurs: Comparative data and functional interpretation. Paleobiology, 16: 435-447.
de Heinzelin, J., Clark, J. D., White, T., Hart, W., Renne, P., WoldeGabriel, G., Beyene, Y., Vrba, E. 1999. Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science, 284(5414): 625-629.
de Deguileville, G. 1975. The pilgrimage of the lyf of the manhode: From the French of Guillaume de Deguilleville. New York : AMS Press.
de Faveri, A. 1989. Obtention de variétés nouvelles par hybridation. Journal des Oiseaux, 225: 15-16.
de Haan, A. A., Maceira, N. O., Lumaret, R., Delay, J. 1992. Production of 2n gametes in diploids subspecies of Dactylis glomerata L. 2. Occurrence and frequency of 2n eggs. Ann. Bot., 69: 345-350.
de Vries, H. 1901-1903. Die Mutationstheorie. Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Entstehung der Arten im Pflanzenreich. Leipzig: Veit. [English translation: 1909-1910. The mutation theory: Experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom. translators J. B. Farmer, A. D. Darbishire. Chicago: Open Court].
de Vries, H. 1902. The origin of species by mutation. Science, 15: 721-729.
de Vries, H. 1905. Species and varieties: Their origin by mutation. Chicago: Open Court.
Delany, M. E., Dietert, R. R., Bloom, S. E. 1988. MHC-chromosome dosage effects: evidence for increased expression of Ia glycoprotein and alteration of B cell subpopulations in neonatal aneuploid chickens. Immunogenetics, 27: 24-30.
Delneri, B. D., Colson, I., Grammenoudi, S., Roberts, I. N., Louis, E. J., Oliver, S. G. 2003. engineering evolution to study speciation in yeasts. Nature, 422: 68-72).
DeLong, R. L. 1982. Population biology of northern fur seals at San Miguel Island, California. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
Delport, W., Kemp, A. C., Ferguson, J. W. H. 2004. Structure of an African Red-billed Hornbill (Tockus erythrorhynchus rufirostris and T. e. damarensis) hybrid zone as revealed by morphology, behavior, and breeding biology. Auk, 121: 565-586.
DeMarais, B. D., Dowling, T. E., Douglas, M. E., Minckley, W. L., Marsh, P. C. 1992. Origin of Gila seminuda (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implications for evolution and conservation. PNAS, 89: 2747-2751.
Demeré, T. A. 1986. The fossil whale, Balaenoptera davidsonii (Cope 1872), with a review of other neogene species of Balaenoptera (Cetacea: Mysticeti). Mar. Mamm. Sci., 2: 277-298.
Denis, B., Mather, X., Seegers, H., Darre, R., Berland, H. 1987. Note sûr et à propos d'un hybride chèvre × mouton fertile. Élevage et Insémination, 218: 3-10.
DenNijs, T. P. M., Peloquin, S. J. 1977. 2n gametes in potato species and their function in sexual polyploidization. Euphytica, 26: 585-600.
Deonier, R. C.,Tavaré, S., Waterman, M. S. 2005. Computational genome analysis: An introduction. New York: Springer.
Desmond, A., Moore, J. 1991. Darwin. New York: W. W. Norton.
Dessauer, H. C., Reeder, T. W., Cole, C. J., Knight, A. 1996. Rapid screening of DNA diversity using dot-blot technology and allele-specific oligonucleotides: Maternity of hybrids and unisexual clones of hybrid origin (Lizards, Cnemidophorus). Mol. Phylog. Evol., 6: 366-372.
Detlefson, J. A. 1914. Genetic studies on a cavy species cross. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Dev, V. 1987. Speciation in the Aedes (Stegomia) scutellaris group (Diptera: Cucilidae): Contributing factors. Mosq. Syst., 19: 119-126.
deWet, J. M. J. 1980. Origins of polyploids. In: Polyploidy: Biological relevance, ed. W. H. Lewis, pp. 3-15. New York: Plenum Press.
deWet, J. M. J., Harlan, J. R. 1974. Tripsacum-maize interaction: A novel cytogenetic system. Genetics, 78: 493-502.
Dhar, R., Sharma, N., Sharma, B. 2006. Ovule abortion in relation to breeding system in four Trifolium species. Curr. Science, 91: 482-485.
Dicey, E. 1863. Six months in the Federal States. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co.
Digby, L. 1912. The cytology of Primula kewensis and of other related Primula hybrids. Ann. Bot., 26: 357-388.
Diggles, S. 1867. The ornithology of Australia. Part 15. Brisbane: Diggles.
Dingerkus, G., Howell, M. W. 1976. Karyotypic analysis and evidence of tetraploidy in the North American paddlefish, Polydon spathula. Science, 194: 842-844.
Dittman, D. L., Cardiff, S. W. 2003. "Let's take a closer look" -- Louisiana swallows. LOS News, 200: 5-12.
Dixon, D., Cox, B., Savage, R. J. G., Gardiner, B. eds. 1988. The Macmillan illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs and prehistoric animals. New York: Macmillan.
Dobzhansky, T. 1933. On the sterility of interracial hybrids in Drosophila pseudoobscura. PNAS, 19, 397-403
Dobzhansky, T. 1935. The Y chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics, 20: 366-376.
Dobzhansky, T. 1937a. Genetics and origin of species. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dobzhansky, T. 1937b. What is a species? Scientia, pp. 280-286.
Dobzhansky, T. 1937c. Further data on the variation of the Y chromosome in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics, 22: 340-346.
Dobzhansky, T. 1940a. Catastrophism versus evolutionism. Science, 92: 356-358.
Dobzhansky, T. 1940b. Speciation as a stage in evolutionary divergence. Am. Nat., 74: 312-321.
Dobzhansky, T. 1941. Genetics and origin of species. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., Valentine, J. W. 1977. Evolution. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co.
Dobzhansky, T., Socolov, D. 1939. Structure and variation in the chromosomes of Drosophila azteca. J. Hered., 30: 3-19.
Dobzhansky, T., Sturtevant, A. H. 1938. Inversion in chromosomes of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics, 23: 28-64.
Doolittle, W. F. 1999. Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree. Science, 284: 2124-2128.
Doolittle, W. F. 2000. Uprooting the tree of life. Scientific American, 260: 90-95.
Dorofeyeva, E. A. 2001. Use of karyotype characteristics for the identification of reciprocal hybrids of lake Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and lake trout Salmo trutta (Salmonidae). Trudy Zool. Inst., 287: 221-231.
Dorsey, E. 1936. Induced polyploidy in wheat and rye. Chromosome doubling in Triticum, Secale and Triticum-Secale hybrids produced by temperature changes. J. Hered., 27: 155-160.
Dosselman, D. J., Schaalje, G. B., Sites, J. W. 1998. An analysis of fluctuating asymmetry in a hybrid zone between two chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) in central Mexico. Herpetologica, 54: 434-447.
Dowler, R. C. 1989. Cytogenetic studies of three chromosomal races of pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius complex). J. Mammal., 70: 253-266.
Dowling, T. E., DeMarais, B. D. 1993. Evolutionary significance of introgressive hybridization in cyprinid fishes. Nature, 362: 444-446.
Downs, F. L. 1978. Unisexual Ambystoma from the Bass Islands of Lake Erie. Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.
Drosopoulos, S. 1976. Triploid pseudogamous biotype of the leafhopper Muellerianella fairmairei. Nature, 263: 499-500.
Drosopoulos, S. 1978. Laboratory synthesis of a pseudogamous triploid species of the genus Muellerianella (Homoptera, Delphacidae). Evolution, 32: 916-920.
DuHamel du Monceau, H.-L. 1728. Recherches sur les causes de la multiplication des espèces de fruits. Hist. mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Paris, pp. 338-354
Duncan, K. E., Istock, C. A., Graham, J. B., Ferguson, N. 1989. Genetic exchange between Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis: Variable hybrid stability and the nature of the bacterial species. Evolution, 43: 1585-1609.
Duncker, H. 1927a. Der Ausfall des Fettfarbstoffes in den epidermoidalen Gebilden auf Grund erblicher Veranlagung (Alipochromismus) bei Kanarienvögeln, Kanarienbastarden und Wellensittichen. Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl., 45: 41-86.
Duncker, H. 1927b. Bastarde von Kapuzenzeisig und weissem Kanarienvogel. Vögel ferner Länder, 4: 67-74.
Duncker, H. 1928. Genetik der Kanarienvögel. Bibl. genet., 4: 37-140.
Duncker, H. 1934. Vererbung bei Buntvögeln (Kapuzenzeisig-Kanarienvogelkreuzungen, verschiedene Kanarienvogelrassen, Gould Amandinen Wellensittich-Halbseiter) mit Demonstration lebenden Materials. Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl., 67: 259-260.
Dunn, J. L., Garrett, K. L. 1997. A field guide to the warblers of North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Dvorak, J., Luo, M.-C., Yang, Z.-L., Zhang, H. B. 1998. The structure of the Aegilops tauschii gene pool and the evolution of hexaploid wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet., 97: 657-670.
Echelle, A. A., Connor, P. J. 1989. Rapid, geographically extensive genetic introgression after secondary contact between two pupfish species (Cyprinodon, Cyprinodontidae). Evolution, 43: 717-727.
Echelle, A. A., Echelle, A. F. 1978. The Pecos River Pupfish, (Cyprinodontidae), with comments on its evolutionary origin. Copeia, 1978: 569-582.
Ehrlich, P. R., Raven, P. R. 1969. Differentiation of populations. Science, 165: 1228-1232.
Ehrlich, P. R., Wilson, E. O. 1991. Biodiversity studies: Science and policy. Science, 253: 758-762.
Eigsti, O. 1938. A cytological study of colchicine effects in the induction of polyploidy in plants. PNAS, 24: 56-63.
Eldredge, N. 1971. The allopatric model and phylogeny in Paleozoic invertebrates. Evolution, 25: 156-167.
Eldredge, N. 1995. Reinventing Darwin: The great debate at the high table of evolutionary theory. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Eldridge, M. D. B. 1991. Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation in rock wallabies. Ph.D. Thesis, Macquarie University.
Eldridge, M. D. B., Close, R. L. 1992. Taxonomy of rock wallabies, Petrogale (Marsuialia: Macropodidae). I. A revision of the eastern Petrogale with the description of three new species. Austral. J. Zool., 40: 605-625.
Eldridge, M. D. B., Close, R. L., Johnston, P G. 1990. Chromosomal rearrangements in rock wallabies Petrogale (Marsuplialia: Macropodidae). III. G-banding analysis of Petrogale inornata and P. penicillata. Genome, 33: 798-802.
Eldridge, M. D. B., Dolli A. E., Johnston, P. G., Close, R. L., Murray, J. D. 1988. Chromosomal rearrangements in rock-wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). The Petrogale assimilis complex G-banding and SC complex analysis. Cytogen. Cell Gen., 48: 228-232.
Eldridge, M. D. B., Wilson, A. C. C., Metcalfe, C. J., Dollin, A. E., Bell, J. N., Johnson, P. M., Johnston, P. G., Close, R. L. 2001. Taxonomy of rock-wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). III. Molecular data confirms the species status of the Purple-necked Rock-wallaby (Petrogale purpureicollis Le Souef). Austral. J. Zool., 49: 323-343.
Ellerström, S., Zagorcheva, L. 1977. Sterility and apomictic embryo-sac formation in Raphanobrassica. Hereditas, 87: 107-120.
Elliot, H. (translator) 1914. Zoological Philosophy. (English translation of Lamarck, J.-B. 1809. Philosophie zoologique). London: Macmillan.
Elstrand, N. C. 1992. Gene flow by pollen: Implications for plant conservation genetics. Oikos, 63: 77-86.
Emry, R. J. 1970. A North American Oligocene pangolin and other additions to the Pholidota. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 142: 455-510.
Endler, J. A. 1973. Gene flow and population differentiation. Science, 179: 243-250.
Endler, J. A. 1977. Geographic variation, speciation and clines. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Epstein, H. 1971. The origin of the domestic animals of Africa. New York: Africana.
Eriksson, G. 1983. Linnaeus the botanist. In: Linnaeus: The man and his work, ed., T. Frängsmyr, pp. 63-109. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Eriksson, J., Larson, G., Gunnarsson, U., Bed'hom, B., Tixier-Boichard, M., et al. 2008. Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken. PLoS Genet., 4(2): e1000010. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010
Ernst, A. 1918. Die Bastardierung als Ursache der Apogamie im Pflanzenreiche. Eine Hypothese zur experimentellen Vererbungs-und Abstammungslehre. Jena: Fischer.
Esuperanzi, R. 2005. Los fringillidos: Jilgueros, pardillos, verderones y otros pájaros silvestres. Barcelona: Editorial Hispano Europea S. A.
Evans, K. 1966. Observations on a hybrid between the Sharp-tailed Grouse and the Greater Prairie Chicken. Auk, 83: 128-129.
Fankhauser, G. 1941. The frequency of polyploidy and other spontaneous aberrations of chromosome number among larvae of the newt, Triturus viridescens. PNAS, 27: 507-512.
Fankhauser, G. 1945. The effects of changes in chromosome number on amphibian development. Q. Rev. Biol., 20: 20-78.
Farlow, J. O., Brett-Surman, M. K. 1997. The complete dinosaur. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
Fechheimer, N. S., Isakova, G. K., Belyaev, D. K. 1983. Mechanism involved in the spontaneous occurrence of diploid triploid chimerism in the mink (Mustela vison) and chicken (Gallus domesticus). Cytogen. Cell Gen., 35: 238 243.
Fechheimer, N. S., Jaffe, W. P. 1966. Method for the display of avian chromosomes. Nature, 211: 773-774.
Federley, H. 1931. Chromosomen analyse der reciproken Bastarde zwischen Pygaera pigra and P. curtula sowie ihrer Rückkreuzungsbastarde. Z. Zellforsch. und Mikroskop. Anat., 12: 772-816.
Fedyk, S., Chętnicki, W., Banaszek, A. 1991. Genetic differentiation of Polish populations of Sorex araneus L. III. Interchromosomal recombination in a hybrid zone. Evolution, 45: 1384-1392.
Fedyk, S., Krasinska, M. 1980. Bisoniana. 75. Spermatogenesis in backcross generations of European bison and domestic cattle hybrids. Acta Theriol., 25: 201-212.
Fedyk, S., Zajkowska, M., Chętnicki, W. 1993. Study of a contact between two chromosomally monomorphic races of Sorex araneus L. (Common Shrew). Heredity, 71: 221-226.
Felber, F. 1991. Establishment of a tetraploid cytotype in a diploid population: Effect of relative fitness of cytotypes. J. Evol. Biol., 4: 194-207.
Fenton, M. B. 1992. Bats. New York: Facts on File.
Ferguson, D., Sang, T. 2001. Speciation through homoploid hybridization between allotetaploids in peonies (Paeonia). PNAS, 98: 3915-3919.
Ferguson-Smith, M. 2007. The evolution of sex chromosomes and sex determination in vertebrates and the key role of DMRT1. Sexual Development, 1: 2-11.
Ferguson-Smith, M. A, Yang, F., O'Brien, P. C. M. 1998. Comparative mapping using chromosome sorting and painting. ILAR Journal, 39: 68-76.
Ferreira, D. C., Chiachio, M. C., Takako, A. K., Andreata, A. A., Foresti, F., Oliveira, C. 2005. Comparative cytogenetics of nine species of Hypoptopomatinae (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae): The importance of structural rearrangements in chromosome evolution. Caryologia, 58: 387-395.
Ferrell, R. E., Morizot, D. C., Horn, J., Carley, C. J. 1980. Biochemical markers in a species endangered by introgression: The Red Wolf. Biochem. Genet., 18: 39-49.
Ferrier, V., Jaylet, A. 1978. Induction of triploidy in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii by heat shock or hydrostatic pressure. Interpretation of the different types of ploidy using a chromosomal marker. Chromosoma, 69: 47-63.
Fidalgo, F., Meo Guzmán, L., Politis, G., Salemme, M., Tonni, E. 1986. Investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio 2 de Arroyo Seco (Pdo. de Tres Arroyos, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, República Argentina). In: New evidence for the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas, ed. A. Bryan, pp. 221-269, Orono: Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine.
Finn, F. 1907. Ornithological and other oddities. London: John Lane.
Firouz, E. 2006. The complete fauna of Iran. London: I. B. Tauris.
Fischberg, M., Kobel, H. R. 1978. Two new polyploid Xenopus species from western Uganda. Experientia, 34: 1012-1014.
Fisher, R. A. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Fitzpatrick, J. W. 2004. Family Tyrannidae (Tyrant-flycatchers). In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. IX, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, D. Christie, pp. 170-463. Barcelona: Lynx.
Flannery, T. 1995. Mammals of New Guinea. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Focke, W. O. 1881. Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge. Berlin: Bornträger.
Fooden, J. 1997. Tail length variation in Macaca fascicularis and M. mulatta. Primates, 38: 221-231.
Ford, C. E., Clegg, H. M. 1969. Reciprocal translocation. British Medical Bulletin, 25: 110-114.
Ford, J. 1987. Hybrid zones in Australian birds. Emu, 87: 158-178.
Forejt, J. 1996. Hybrid sterility in the mouse. Trends Genet., 12: 412-417.
Forshaw, J. M. 1973. Parrots of the world. Melbourne: Lansdowne.
Forshaw, J. M. 1981. Australian parrots. Melbourne: Lansdowne.
Forsyth-Major, C. J. 1893. On some Miocene squirrels. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 179-215.
Foster, R. C. 1937. A cyto-taxonomic survey of the North American species of Iris. Contributions of the Gray Herbarium, 119: 3-82.
Fox, R. C. 1991. Melaniella timosa n. gen. and sp., an unusual mammal from the Paleocene of Alberta. Can. J. Earth Sci., 21: 1335-1338.
Fraas, E. 1904. Neue Zeuglodonten aus dem unteren Mitteleocan vom Mokattam bei Kairo. Geol. u. Palaeont. Abhandl. (Jena), 10, 199-220.
Frair, W., Ackman, R. G., Mrosovsky, N. 1972. Body temperature of Dermochelys coriacea: Warm turtle from cold water. Science, 177: 791-793.
Francisco, M. R., Galetti, P. M. 2001. Cytotaxonomic considerations on Neotropical Psittacidae birds and description of three new karyotypes. Hereditas, 134: 225-228.
Franke, R. 1975. Über das Auftreten von unreduzierten Gameten bei Angiospermen. Arch. Züchtungsf., 5: 201-208.
Franzke, A., Mummenhoff, K. 1999. Recent hybrid speciation in Cardamine (Brassicaceae) -- conversion of nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences in statu nascendi. Theor. Appl. Genet., 98: 831-834.
Fredga, K., Narain, Y. 2000. The complex hybrid zone between the Abisko and Sidensjo chromosome races of Sorex araneus in Sweden. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 70: 285-307.
Freeburg, V. O. 1918. The art of photoplay making. New York: Macmillan.
Friant, M. 1933. Contribution à l'étude de la différentiation des dents jugales chez les mammifères: Essai d'une theorie de la dentition. Paris: Masson et cie.
Fries, T. M., Hulth. J. M. 1907-1922. Bref och skrifvelser af och till Carl von Linné. Stockholmz: Aktiebolaget Ljus.
Frisch, J. E., Drinkwater, R., Harrison, B., Johnson, S. 1997. Classification of the southern African Sanga and East African Shorthorn Zebu. Anim. Genet., 28: 77-83.
Frith, C. B. 2006. A history and reassessment of the unique but missing specimen of Rawnsley's Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus rawnsleyi, Diggles 1867, (Aves: Ptilonorhynchidae). Hist. Biol., 18: 57-68.
Frith, C. B., Beehler, B. M. 1998. The birds of paradise: Paradisaeidae. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fritsche, F., Kaltz, O. 2000. Is the Prunella (Lamiaceae) hybrid zone structured by an environmental gradient? Evidence from a reciprocal transplant experiment. Am. J. Bot., 87: 995-1003.
Frost, R. 1914. North of Boston. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Fu, J., MacCulloch, R. D., Murphy, R. W., Darevsky, I. S., Kupriyanova, L. A., Danielyan, F. 1998. The parthenogenetic rock lizard Lacerta unisexualis: An example of limited genetic polymorphism. J. Mol. Evol., 46: 127-130.
Fujita, K. 1990. Species preference by infant macaques with controlled social experience. Int. J. Primatol., 11: 553-573.
Fulgione, D., Esposito, A., Rusch, C. E., Milone, M. 2001. Song clinal variability in Passer italiae, a species of probable hybrid origins. Avocetta, 24: 107-112.
Fuhlrott, J. C. 1857. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preußischen Rheinlande und Westphalens, 14, Corr. Bl., 50.
Fuhlrott, J. C. 1859. Menschliche Überreste aus einer Felsengrotte des Düsselthals. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preußischen Rheinlande und Westphalens, 16: 131-153.
Furlong, R. F., Holland, P. W. H. 2004. Polyploidy in vertebrate ancestry: Ohno and beyond. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 82: 425-430.
Futuyma, D. J. 1986. Evolutionary Biology. Sunderland: Sinauer.
Futuyma, D. J., Mayer, G. C. 1980. Nonallopatric speciation in animals. Syst. Zool., 19: 254-271.
Gabunia, L. K., Shevyreva, N. C., Gabunia, U. D. 1985. [On the first discovery of a marsupial in Asia]. Dokl. Akad. nauk SSSR, 281: 684-685.
Galik, K., Senut, B., Pickford, M., Gommery, D., Treil, J., Kuperavage, A. J., Eckhardt, R. B. 2004. External and internal morphology of the BAR 1002'00 Orrorin tugenensis femur. Science, 305: 1450-1453.
Gallardo, M. H., Bickham, J. W., Honeycutt, R. L., Ojeda, R. A., Köhler, N. 1999. Discovery of tetraploidy in a mammal. Nature, 401: 341.
Gallardo, M. H., Kausel, G., Jiménez, A., Bacquet, C., González, C., Figueroa, J., Köhler, N., Ojeda, R. 2004. Whole-genome duplication in South American desert rodents (Octodontidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 82: 443-451.
Gallez, G. P., Gottlieb, L. D. 1982. Genetic evidence for the hybrid origin of the diploid plant Stephanomeria diegensis. Evolution, 36: 1158-1167.
Galton, F. 1869. Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. London: Macmillan.
Gardner, A. L., Patton, J. L. 1972. Karyotypic variation in oryzomyine rodents (Cricetinae) with comments on chromosomal evolution in the neotropical cricetine complex. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology (Louisiana State University), no. 49.
Gardner, J. P. A. 1997. Hybridisation in the sea. Adv. Mar. Biol., 31: 1-78.
Gates, R. R. 1909. The stature and chromosomes of Oenothera gigas, De Vries. Arch. Zellforsch., 3: 525-552.
Gava, A., de Freitas, T. R. O. 2002. Characterization of a hybrid zone between chromosomally divergent populations of Ctenomys minutus (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae). J. Mammal., 83: 843-851.
Gava, A., de Freitas, T. R. O. 2004. Microsatellite analysis of a hybrid zone between chromosomally divergent populations of Ctenomys minutus from southern Brazil (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae). J. Mammal., 85: 1201-1206.
Geist, N. R., Carpenter, S., and Stewart, J. D. 2002. Chemical and morphological analysis of soft tissue preservation in a mosasaur. J. Vert. Paleont. 22 (Supplement to 3): 57A.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1796. Mammifères. Mémoire sur les rapports naturels des Makis Lemur. Magazin encycl., 1: 20-50.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1833. Le degré d'influence du monde ambiánt pour modifier les formes animals. Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Inst. France, 12: 63-92.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1847. Vie, travaux et doctrine scientifique d'Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Paris: P. Bertrand.
Gerrasimova, H. 1939. Chromosome alterations as a factor of divergence of forms. I. New experimentally produced strains of C. tectorum which are physiologicallly isolated from the original forms owing to reciprocal translocation. Dokl. Akad. nauk SSSR, 25: 148-154.
Ghirardelli, E. 1968. Some aspects of the biology of chaetognaths. Adv. Mar. Biol., 6: 271-375.
Gibbons, W. 1995. Savannah River Ecology Lab (personal communication).
Gibson, P. H. 1981. Gametogenesis in the cirratulid polychaetes Dodecaceria concharum and D. caulleryi. J. Zool. (London), 193: 355-370.
Gilbert, A. N. 1995. Tenacious nipple attachment in rodents: The sibling competition hypothesis. Anim. Behav., 50: 881-891.
Gillespie, G. D. 1985. Hybridization, introgression, and morphometric differentiation between Mallard (Anas platyrynchos) and the Grey Duck (Anas superciliosa) in Otago, New Zealand. Auk, 102: 459-469.
Gilliard, E. T. 1959. The ecology of hybridization in New Guinea honeyeaters (Aves). Am. Mus. Nov., no. 1937.
Gillispie, C. C. 1996. Genesis and geology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gilmore, D. P. 1977. The success of marsupials as introduced species. In: The biology of marsupials, eds. B. Stonehouse, D. Gilmore, pp. 169-178. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Gingerich, P. D. 1976. Paleontology and phylogeny: Patterns of evolution at the species level in early tertiary mammals. Am. J. Sci., 276: 1-28.
Gingerich, P. D., Wells, N. A., Russell, D. E., Ibrahim Shah, S. M. 1983. Origin of whales in epicontinental remnant seas. Science, 220: 403-406.
Giseke, P. D. ed. 1792. Caroli a Linné Prælectiones in ordines naturales plantarum: e proprio et Jo. Chr. Fabricii ... edidit Paulus Diet. Giseke ... Hamburgi: Hoffmann.
Goddard, K. A., Dawley, R. M. 1990. Clonal inheritance of a diploid nuclear genome by a hybrid freshwater minnow (Phoxinus eos-neogaeus, Pisces: Cyprinidae). Evolution, 44: 1052-1065.
Goddard, K. A., Dawley, R. M., Dowling, T. E. 1989. Origin and genetic relationships of diploid, triploid and diploid-triploid mosaic biotypes in the Phoxinus eosneogaeus unisexual complex. In: Ecology and evolution of unisexual vertebrates, eds. R. M. Dawley, J. P. Bogart, pp. 268-280. Albany: New York State Museum.
Goddard, K. A., Megwinoff, O., Wessner, L. L., Giaimo, F. 1998. Confirmation of gynogenesis in Phoxinus eos-neogaeus (Pisces: Cyprinidae). J. Hered., 89: 151-157.
Goddard, K. A., Schultz, R. J. 1993. Aclonal reproduction by polyploid members of the clonal hybrid species Phoxinus eos-neogaeus (Cyprinidae). Copeia, 1993: 650-660.
Goldfuss, A. 1831. Beiträge zur Kenntnis verschiednener Reptilen der Vorzeit. Nova Acta Acad. Leopold. Carol., 15: 61-128.
Goldman, D. H., Jansen, R. K., Cassio van den Berg, C., Leitch, I. J., Fay, M. F., Chase, M. W. 2004. Molecular and cytological examination of Calopogon (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae): Circumscription, phylogeny, polyploidy, and possible hybrid speciation. Am. J. Bot., 91: 707-723.
Goldman, M. A., LoVerde, P. T., Chrisman, C. L. 1983. Hybrid origin of polyploidy in freshwater snails of the genus Bulinus (Mollusca, Planorbidae). Evolution, 37: 592-600.
Goldschmidt, R. B. 1933. Some aspects of evolution. Science, 78: 539-547.
Goldschmidt, R. B. 1952. Evolution as viewed by one geneticist. Am. Scientist, 40: 84-98.
Goldschmidt, R. B. 1982. The material basis of evolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Goldsmith, O. 1763. (Preface for: A new and accurate system of natural history, by R. Brookes, 1763) In: 1966. Collected works of Oliver Goldsmith, vol. 5. ed. A. Friedman. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Golubic, S., Knoll, A. H. 1992. Prokaryotes. In: Fossil prokaryotes and protists, ed. J. H. Lipps, pp. 51-76. Boston: Blackwell.
Gomez, Z. J., Vogler, A. P., Funk, D. J. 2004. Diagnosing an overlooked North American taxon: Biological observations and mitochondrial insights on Calligrapha suturella Schaeffer, new status (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 97: 28-36.
Gompert, Z., Fordyce, J. A., Forister, M. L., Shapiro, A. M., Nice, C. C. 2006. Homoploid hybrid speciation in an extreme habitat. Science, 314: 1923-1925.
Good, T. P., Ellis, J., Annett, C. A., Pierotti, R. 2000. Bounded hybrid superiority in an avian hybrid zone: effects of mate, diet, and habitat choice. Evolution, 54: 1774-1783.
Goodfellow, W. L., Hocutt, C. H., Morgan, R. P., Stauffer, J. R. 1984. Biochemical assessment of the taxonomic status of Rhinichthys bowersi (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Copeia 1984: 652-659.
Goodfriend, G. A., Gould, S. J. 1996. Paleontology and chronology of two evolutionary transitions by hybridization in the Bahamian land snail Cerion. Science, 274: 1894-1897.
Goodspeed, T. H. 1925. Parthenogenesis, partheonocarpy and phenospermy in Nicotiana. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., 5: 249-272.
Goodspeed, T. H., Clausen, R. E. 1928. Interspecific hybridization in Nicotiana. VIII. The sylvestris-tomentosa-tabacum triangle and its bearing on the origin of tabacum. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., 11: 245-256.
Goodwin, D. 1986. Crows of the world. London: Oxford University Press.
Gordon, G. H. 1978. Distribution of sibling species of the Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis group in Rhodesia (Mammalia: Rodentia). J. Zool. (London), 186: 397-401.
Gorman, G. C. 1965a. Interspecific karyotypic variation as a systematic character in the genus Anolis (Sauria: Iguanidae). Nature, 208: 95-97.
Gorman, G. C. 1965b. The distribution of Lichanura trivirgata and the status of the species. Herpetologica, 21: 283-287.
Gorman, G. C. 1968. New karyotype data for 16 species of Anolis (Sauria: Iguanidae) from Cuba, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands Herpetologica. 24: 13-21.
Gorman, G. C. 1969. Intermediate territorial display of a hybrid Anolis lizard (Sauria: Iguanidae). Z. Tierpsychol., 26: 390-393.
Gorman, G. C., Atkins, L. 1966. Chromosomal heteromorphism in some male lizards of the genus Anolis. Am. Nat., 100: 579-583.
Gorman, G. C., Atkins, L. 1967. The relationships of the Anolis of the roquet species group (Sauria: Iguanidae). II. Comparative chromosome cytology. Syst. Zool., 16: 137-143.
Gorman, G. C., Atkins, L. 1968. Natural hybridization between two sibling species of Anolis lizard: Chromosome cytology. Science, 159: 1358-1360.
Gorman, G. C., Atkins, L., Holzinger, T. 1967. New karyotypic data on 15 genera of lizards in the family Iguanidae, with a discussion of taxonomic and cytological implications. Cytogenetics, 6: 286-299.
Gorman, G. C., Dessauer, H. C. 1965. Hemoglobin and transferrin electrophoresis and relationships of island populations of Anolis lizards. Science, 150: 1454-1455.
Gorman, G. C., Licht, P., Dessauer, H. C., Boos, J. O. 1971. Reproductive failure among hybridizing Anolis lizards of Trinidad. Syst. Zool., 20: 1-18.
Gorman, G. C., Lynch, J. F. 1969. Karotypic data for five species of anguid lizards. Experientia, 25: 314-316.
Gorman, G. C., Thomas, R., Atkins, L. 1968. Intra-and interspecific chromosome variation in the lizard Anolis cristatelus and its closest relatives. Breviora, 293: 1-13.
Gould, K. G. 1993. Semen characteristics of the adult male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Am. J. Primatol., 29: 221-232.
Gould, S. J. 1980a. The panda's thumb. New York: W. W. Norton.
Gould, S. J. 1980b. The uses of heresy: An introduction to Richard Goldschmidt's In: The material basis of evolution, R. Goldschmidt, pp. xiii-xlii. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Gould, S. J. 1987. Bushes all the way down. Nat. Hist., 96: 12-19.
Gould, S. J., Woodruff, D. S. 1990. History as a cause of area effects: An illustration from Cerion on Great Inagua, Bahamas. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 40: 67-98.
Grant, B. R., Grant, P. R. 1996. Cultural inheritance of song and its role in the evolution of Darwin's finches. Evolution, 50: 2471-2487.
Grant, B. R., Grant. P. R. 1996. High survival of Darwin's finch hybrids: Effects of beak morphology and diets. Ecology, 77: 500-509.
Grant, K. A., Grant, V. 1971a. Dynamics of clonal microspecies in cholla cactus. Evolution, 25: 144-155.
Grant, K. A., Grant, V. 1971b. Natural hybridization between the cholla cactus species Opuntia spinosior and Opuntia versicolor. PNAS, 68: 1993-1995.
Grant, P. R. 1997. Hybridization, sexual imprinting, and mate choice. Am. Nat., 149: 1-28. (Aves: Fringillidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 106: 402-409.
Grant, P. R., Grant. B. R. 1997. Genetics and the origin of bird species. PNAS, 94: 7768-7775.
Grant, V. 1952. Cytogenetics of the hybrid Gilia melefoliata × achilleaefolia. Chromosoma, 5: 372-390.
Grant, V. 1953. The role of hybridization in the evolution of the leafy-stemmed gilias. Evolution, 7: 51-64.
Grant, V. 1963. The origin of adaptations. New York: Columbia University Press.
Grant, V. 1966a. Selection for vigor and fertility in the progeny of a highly sterile species hybrid in Gilia. Genetics, 53: 757-775.
Grant, V. 1966b. The origin of a new species of Gilia in a hybridization experiment. Genetics, 54: 1189-1199.
Grant, V. 1966c. Linkage between viability and fertility in a species cross in Gilia. Genetics, 54: 867-880.
Grant, V. 1971. Plant speciation. New York: Columbia University Press.
Grant, V. 1981. Plant speciation. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
Grant, V. 1985. The evolutionary process. New York: Columbia University Press.
Grant, V. 1991. The evolutionary process. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
Gray, A. P. 1953. Mammalian hybrids: A checklist with bibliography. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
Gray, A. P. 1958. Bird Hybrids: A checklist with bibliography. Technical Communication No. 13. The Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics Edinburgh. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
Gray, A. P. 1972. Mammalian hybrids: A checklist with bibliography. 2nd ed. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
Gray, M. W. 1998. Rickettsia, typhus and the mitochondrial connection. Nature, 396: 109-110.
Green, D. M. 1985. Natural hybrids between the frogs Rana cascadae and Rana pretiosa (Anura: Ranidae) Herpetologica, 41: 262-267.
Green, D. M., Delisle, D. M. 1985. Allotriploidy in natural hybrid frogs, Rana chiricahuensis × R. pipiens, from Arizona: Chromosomes and electrophoretic evidence. J. Herpetol.,19: 385-390.
Greenleaf, W. 1941. Sterile and fertile amphidiploids: Their possible relation to the origin of Nicotiana tabacum. Genetics, 26: 301-324.
Greenleaf, W. 1942. Genic sterility in tabacum-like amphidiploids of Nicotiana. J. Genet., 43 69-96.
Gregory, S. G. et. al. 2006. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature, 441: 315-321.
Gregory, T. R., Mable, B. K. 2005. Polyploidy in plants. In: The evolution of the genome, ed. T. R. Gregory, pp. 427-517. New York: Elsevier.
Gregory, W. K. 1951. Evolution emerging: A survey of changing patterns from primeval life to man. New York: Macmillan.
Gregory, W. K., Broom, R. 1926. The skeleton of Moschops capensis Broom: A dinocephalian reptile from the Permian of South Africa. New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
Grieg, D., Louis, E. J., Borts, R. H., Travisano, M. 2002. Hybrid speciation in experimental poulations of yeast. Science, 298: 1773-1775.
Griffen, A. B., Bunker, M. C. 1964. Three cases of trisomy in the mouse. PNAS, 52: 1194-1198.
Griffen, A. B., Bunker, M. C. 1967. Four further cases of autosomal primary trisomy in the mouse. PNAS, 58: 1446-1452.
Griffiths, A. J. F., Gelbart, W. M., Miller, J. H., Lewontin, R. C. 1999. Modern genetic analysis. San Francisco: Freeman.
Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C., Inskipp, T. 1998. Birds of the Indian subcontinent. London: A. & C. Black.
Gropp, A. Winking, H., Redi, C., Capanna, E., Britton-Davidian, J. Noack, G. 1982. Robersonian karyotype variation in wild house mice from Rhaeto-Lombardia. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 34: 67-77.
Grosart, A. B. ed. 1882-1884. The Complete Works in Verse and Prose of Edmund Spenser. Manchester: Printed for the Spenser Society.
Gross, B. L., Rieseberg, L. H. 2005. The ecological genetics of homoploid hybrid speciation. J. Hered., 96: 241-252.
Groth, A. H. 1928. A fertile mare mule. J. Hered., 19: 413.
Groves, C. P., Mazak V. 1975. An approach to the taxonomy of the Hominidae: Gracile Villafranchian hominids of Africa. Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, 20: 225-247.
Groves, C. 1999. Australopithecus garhi: A new-found link? Reports of the National Center for Science Education, 19.3: 10-13.Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, 20: 225-247.
Grubb, P. 1981. Equus burchelli. Mamm. Species, no. 157.
Gruber, H. E. 1974. Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity. London: Wildwood House.
Grützner, F., Rens, W., Tsend-Ayush, E., El-Mogharbel, N., O'Brien, P. C. M., Jones, R. C., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Graves, J. A. M. 2004. In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes. Nature, 432: 913-917.
Gu, X., Wang, Y., Gu, J. 2002. Age distribution of gene families shows significant roles of both large-and small-scale duplications in vertebrate evolution. Nature Genetics, 31: 205-209.
Günther, R. 1975. Zum natürlichen Vorkommen und zur Morphologie triploider Teichfrösche Rana "esculenta" L. in der DDR (Anura, Ranidae). Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 51: 145-158.
Gustafsson, Å. 1943. The genesis of the European blackberry flora. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup; Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz.
Gustafsson, Å. 1946-1947. Apomixis in higher plants. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.
Gustavo, S. G. L., Molina, W. F. 2005. Karyotype diversification in fishes of the Balistidae, Diodontidae and Tetraodontidae (Tetraodontiformes). Caryologia, 58: 229-237.
Gustavsson, I. 1990. Banding techniques in chromosome analysis of domestic animals. Advances in Veterinary and Comparative Medicine, 24: 245-289.
Gustavsson, I., Switonski, M., Larsson, K., Plöen, L. 1988. Synaptonemal complex analysis of spermatocytes in hybrids of silver and blue fox. J. Hered., 79: 338-343.
Guyer, M. F. 1900. Spermatogenesis in normal and hybrid pigeons. Dissertation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Guyer, M. F. 1902. Hybridism and the germ-cell. University of Cincinnati, Bull. no. 21.
Haas, O., Simpson, G. G. 1946. Analysis of some phylogenetic terms, with attempts at redefinition. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 90: 319-349.
Habersetzer, J., Richter, G., Storch, G. 1992. Bats: Already highly specialized predators. In: Messel: An insight into the history of life and of the Earth, eds. S. Schaal, W. Ziegler, pp. 179-192. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Haertel, J. D., Owczarzak, A., Storm, R. M. 1974. A comparative study of the chromosomes from five species of the genus Rana (Amphibia: Salientia) Copeia, 1974: 109-114.
Hagedoorn, A. L., Hagedoorn, A. C. 1921. The relative value of the processes causing evolution. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Haile-Selassie, Y. 2001. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, 412: 178-181.
Haile-Selassie, Y., Suwa, G., and White, T. D. 2004. Late Miocene teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and early hominid dental evolution. Science, 303: 1503-1505.
Håkansson, A. 1946. Meiosis in hybrid nullisomics and certain other forms of Godetia whitneyi. Hereditas, 32: 495-513.
Håkansson, A. 1947. Contributions to a scytological analysis of the species differences of Godetia amoena and G. whitneyi. Hereditas, 33: 235-260.
Halbert, N. D., Ward, T. J., Schnabel, R. D., Taylor, J. F., Derr, J. N. 2005. Conservation genomics: Disequilibrium mapping of domestic cattle chromosomal segments in North American bison populations. Mol. Ecol., 14: 2343-2362.
Haldane, J. B. S. 1922. Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals. J. Genet., 12: 101-109.
Haldane, J. B. S. 1932. The causes of evolution. London: Longmans.
Haldane, J. B. S. 1948. The theory of a cline. J. Genet., 48: 277-284.
Haley, L. E., Abplanalp, H. 1970. Possible immunological basis for a reduction of fertility in crossmating fowl with Japanese Quail. J. Reprod. Fert., 23: 375-381.
Hall, B. P., Frith, C. B. 1974. Psittacidae. In: Birds of the Harold Hall Australian Expeditions 1962-1970, ed. B. P. Hall, pp. 97-118. London: British Museum.
Hanel, E. 1907. Vererbung bei ungeschlechtlicher Fortpflanzung von Hydra grisea. Jenaische Zeitschrift, 43: 321-372.
Hanotte, O., Tawah, C. L., Bradley, D. G., Okomo, M., Verjee, Y., Ochieng, J., Rege, J. E. 2000. Geographic distribution and frequency of a taurine Bos taurus and an indicine Bos indicus Y specific allele amongst sub-Saharan African cattle breeds. Mol. Ecol., 9: 387-396.
Hanzák, J. 1967. The pictorial encyclopedia of birds. New York: Crown.
Harada, K., Buss, E. G. 1981. Turkey-chicken hybrids: A cytological study of early development. J. Hered., 72: 264-266.
Hardy, K. 1986. Bacterial plasmids. Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Harini, B. P., Ramachandra, N. B. 2003. Evolutionary experimentation fhrough hybridization under laboratory conditions in Drosophila: Evidence for recombinational speciation. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 3. www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/3/20.
Harlan, J. R., deWet, J. M. J. 1975. On Ö Winge and a prayer: The origins of polyploidy. Bot. Rev., 41: 361-390.
Harris, T. 2000. Shrikes and bush-shrikes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Harrison, C., Greensmith, A. 1993. Birds of the world. New York: Dorling Kindersley.
Harrison, J. M., Harrison, J. G. A presumed trigen duck hybrid involving Mallard, Pintail and Gadwall. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 85: 22-26.
Harrison, R. G. 1990. Hybrid zones: Windows on an evolutionary process. Oxford Surv. Evol. Biol., 7: 69-128.
Harrison, R. G. ed. 1993. Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process. New York: Oxford University Press
Harrison, R. G., Rand, D. M. 1989. Mosaic hybrid zones and the nature of species boundaries. In: Speciation and its consequences, eds. D. Otte, J. A. Endler, pp. 111-133. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Harte, C. 1994. Oenothera: Contributions of a plant to biology. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Hartl, D. L., Clark, A. G. 1989. Principles of population genetics, 2nd ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Hassold, T. J., Sherman, S. L., Tettay, D., Page, D. C., Jacobs, P. A. 1991. XY chromosome nondisjunction in man is associated with diminished recombination in the pseudoautosomal region. Am. J. Hum Genet., 49: 253-260.
Hatfield, T., Schluter, D. 1999. Ecological speciation in sticklebacks: Environment-dependent hybrid fitness. Evolution, 53: 866-873.
Hauber, D. P., Bloom, W. L. 1983. Stability of Chromosomal Hybrid Zone in the Clarkia nitens and Clarkia speciosa Ssp. Polyantha Complex (Onagraceae). Am. J. Bot., 70: 1454-1459.
Hauffe, H. C., Piálek, J. 1997. Evolution of the chromosomal races of Mus musculus domesticus in the Rhetian Alps: The roles of whole-arm reciprocal translocation and zonal raciation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 62: 255-278.
Hauffee, H. C., Searle, J. B. 1993. Extreme karyotypic variation in a Mus musculus domesticus hybrid zone: The tobacco mouse story revisited. Evolution, 47:1374-1395.
Hauke, R. L. 1963. A taxonomic monograph of the genus Equisetum, subgenus Hippochaete. Weinheim: J. Cramer.
Hawkes, M. W. 1982-1983. Hybridization in the Cataceae. Cact. Succ. J., 54: 223-225, 243-246; 55: 31-36.
Hayman, D. L. 1989. Marsupial Cytogenetics. Austral. J. Zool., 37: 331-349.
Head, J. J., Bloch, J. I., Hastings, A. K., Bourque, J. R., Cadena, E. A., Herrera, F. A., Polly, D. P., Jaramillo, C. A. 2009. Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457: 715-717.
Hebblethwaite, K. 2004. Invading Boundaries: Hybrids, Disease and Empire. In: Monsters and the monstrous: Myths and metaphors of enduring evil, eds. P. L. Yoder, P. M. Kreuter, pp. 105-119.
Hebert, P. D. N. 1985. Interspecific hybridization between cyclic parthenogens. Evolution, 39: 216-220.
Hedges, S. B. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of reptiles. Science, 283: 998-1001.
Hedrén, M., Fay, M. F., Chase, M. W. 2001. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) reveal details of polyploid evolution in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae). Am. J. Bot., 88: 1868-1880.
Hegde, S. G., Nason, J. D., Clegg, J. M., Ellstrand, N. C. 2006. The evolution of California's wild radish has resulted in the extinction of its progenitors. Evolution, 60: 1187-1197.
Heiser, C. B. 1947. Hybridization between the sunflower species, Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris. Evolution, 1: 249-262.
Heiser, C. B. 1949. Natural hybridization with particlar reference to introgression. Bot. Rev., 15: 645-687.
Heiser, C. B. 1966. Methods in systematic research. Logic in Biol. Invest., 16: 31-34.
Heiser, C. B. 1973. Introgression re-examined. Bot. Rev., 39: 347-366.
Helbert, W., Sugiyama J., Ishihara, M., Yamanaka, S. 1997. Characterization of native crystalline cellulose in the cell walls of Oomycota. Journal of Biotechnology, 57: 29-37.
Heller, K. G., Sevgili, H. 2005. Systematics and bioacoustics of the Poecilimon sanctipauli-group (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae). European Journal of Entomology, 102: 265-277.
Herbert, W. 1837. Amaryllidaceae; preceded by an attempt to arrange the monocotyledonous orders, and followed by a treatise on cross-bred vegetables and supplement. London: James Ridgway & Sons.
Hershkovitz, P. 1977. Living new world monkeys (Platyrrhini, vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hewitt, G. M. 1975. A new hypothesis for the origin of the parthogenetic grasshopper Moraba virgo. Heredity, 34: 117-123.
Hewitt, G. M. 1988. Hybrid zones -- natural laboratories for evolutionary studies. Trends Ecol. Evol., 3: 158-167.
Hiesey, W. M., Nobs, M. A., Björkman, O. 1971. Experimental studies on the nature of species. VI. Biosystematics, genetics, and physiological ecology of the Erythranthe section of Mimulus. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Higgins, P. J., Davies, S. J. J. F. eds. 1996. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic birds, vol. 3. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Higgins, P. J., Peter, J. M., Steele, W. K. eds. 2001. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic birds, vol. 5. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Hillson, S. 2005. Teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hilu, K. W. 1993. Polyploidy and the evolution of domesticated plants. Am. J. Bot., 80: 1491-1499.
Hinton, M. A. C. 1926. Monograph of the voles & lemmings (Microtinæ) living and extinct. London: British Museum.
Hiorth, G. 1942. Zur Genetik und Systmatik der amoena-Gruppe der Gattung Godetia. Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl., 80: 289-349.
Hirai, H., Taguchi, T., Saitoh, Y., Kawanaka, M., Sugiyama, H., Habe, S., Okamoto, M., Hirata, M., Shimada, M., Tiu, W. U., Lai, K., Upatham, S. S., Agatsuma, T. 2000. Chromosoal differentiation of th Schistosoma japhonicum complex. International Journal of Parasitology, 30: 441-452.
Hirayoshi, I., Nakamura, Y. 1942. Chromosome number in Sequoia sempervirens. Botany and Zoology, 11: 73-75.
Hirota, K., Barnes, L. G. 1995. A new species of Middle Miocene sperm whale of the genus Scaldicetus (Cetacea; Physeteridae) from Shiga-mura, Japan. The Island Arc, 3:453-472
Hobart, H. H., Gunn, S. J., Bickham, J. W. 1982. Karyotypes of six species of North American blackbirds (Icteridae: Passeriformes). Auk, 99: 514-518.
Hobbs, J. N. 1956. Yellow and Crimson Rosellas together at Tumut. Emu, 46: 212.
Hobbs, J. N. 1958. Hybrid between Yellow and Crimson Rosella. Emu, 48: 418-419.
Hoffmann, F. G., Owen, J. G., Baker, R. J. 2003. MtDNA perspective of chromosomal diversification and hybridization in Peters' Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bilobatum: Phyllostomidae). Mol. Ecol., 12: 2981-2993.
Hogan, K. M., Hedin, M. C., Koh, H. S., Davis, S. K., Greenbaum, I. F. 1993. Systematic and taxonomic implications of karyotypic, electrophoretic, and mitochondrial-DNA variation in Peromyscus from the Pacific Northwest, J. Mammal., 74: 819-831.
Hollom, P. A. D., Porter, R. F., Christensen, S., Willis, I. 1988. Birds of the Middle East and North Africa. London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
Honeycutt, R. L., Schmidly, D. J. 1979. Chromosomal and morphological variation in the Plains Pocket Gopher, Geomys bursarius, in Texas and adjacent states. Occasional Papers (Texas Tech University), 58: 1-54.
Horn, W. 1994. Interspecific crossability and inheritance in Pelargonium. Plant Breeding, 113: 3-17.
Hovanitz, W. 1943. Hybridization and seasonal segregation in two races of a butterfly occurring together in two localities. Biol. Bull., 85: 44-51.
Hubbs, C. 1955. Hybridization in fishes in nature. Syst. Zool., 4: 1-20.
Hughes, J. F., Skaletsky, H., Pyntikova, T., Minx, P. J., Graves, T., Rozen, S., Wilson, R. K., Page, D. C. 2005. Conservation of Y-linked genes during human evolution revealed by comparative sequencing in chimpanzee. Nature, 437: 100-103.
Hughes, R. N. 1987. The functional ecology of clonal animals. Funct. Ecol., 1: 63-69.
Humphries, C. J. 1976. A revision of the Macaronesian genus Argyranthemum Webb ex Schultz Bip. (Compositae-Anthemideae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Botany, 5: 147-240.
Hunter, J. 1780. Account of an extraordinary pheasant. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., , 70: 527-535.
Hunter, J. 1787. Observations tending to shew that the wolf, jackal, and dog are all of the same species. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., , 77: 253-266.
Hunter, R. S. T., Arnold, A. J., Parker, W. C. 1988. Evolution. and homeomorphy in the development of the Paleocene. Planorotalites pseudomenardii and the Miocene Globorotalia (Globorotalia) margaritae lineages. Micropaleontology, 34: 181- 192.
Husband, B. C. 2004. The role of triploid hybrids in the evolutionary dynamics of mixed-ploidy populations. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 82: 537-546.
Husband, B. C., Schemske, D. W. 2000. Ecological mechanisms of reproductive isolation between diploid and tetraploid Chamerion angustifolium. Journal of Ecology, 88: 689-701.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952a. Aquinas. Great books of the western world. London: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952b. Aristotle. Great books of the western world. London: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952c. Harvey. Great books of the western world. Chicago: Encyclopedia Brittanica.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952d. Herodotus. Great books of the western world. Chicago: Encyclopedia Brittanica.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952e. Homer. Great books of the western world. London: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952f. Kant. Great books of the western world. London: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952g. Locke, Berkeley, Hume. Great books of the western world. London: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952h. Lucretius, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius. Great books of the western world. London: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Hutchins, R. M. ed. 1952i. Plutarch. Great books of the western world. Chicago: Encyclopedia Brittanica.
Hutchinson, J. B., Stephens, S. G. 1947. The evolution of Gossypium. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hutchinson, M. N., Donnellan, S. C. 1992. Taxonomy and genetic variation in the Australian lizards of the genus Pseudemoia (Scincidae: Lygosominae). J. Nat. Hist., 26: 215-264.
Huxley, J. 1953. Evolution in action. New York: Harper.
Huxley, L. 1901. The life and letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. New York: Appleton and Co.
Huxley, T. H. 1860. The origin of species. Westminster Review, 17: 541-570.
Huxley, T. H. 1893-1894. Criticisms on "The Origin of Species." In: The Collected Essays of Thomas Henry Huxley, pp. 80-106. London: Macmillan.
Huxley, T. H. 1898. Man's place in nature and other anthropological essays. New York: Appleton and Co.
Immelmann, K. 1982. Australian finches in bush and aviary. Aachen: Hans Limberg.
Inglis, W. G. 1985. Evolutionary waves: Patterns in the origins of animal phyla. Australian Journal of Zoolology, 33: 153-178.
Insua, A., Labat, J. P., Thiriot-Quiévreux, C. 1994. Comparative analysis of karyotypes and nucleolar organizer regions in different populations of Mytilus trossulus, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 60: 359-360.
Iriki, S. 1932. Studies on amphibian chromosomes. VII. On the chromosomes of Megalobatrachus japonicus. Sci. Re;. Tokyou Bunrika Daig., B1: 61-126.
Irwin, D. E., Irwin, J. H., Price, T. D. 2001. Ring species as bridges between microevolution and speciation. Genetica, 112/113: 223-243.
Isaacs, W. W. 1970. Gene expression in an interspecific hybrid: Analysis of hemoglobins in donkey, horse, and mule by peptide mapping. Biochem. Genet., 4: 73-85.
Isenzulov, A. 1938. [Hybridization of the domestic sheep with the Arhar]. Priroda (Moskva), 27: 144-145. [Animal Breeding Abstracts, 1940, p. 372]
Ivanova, V. V. 1953. [Hybrids of yaks and Siberian and Simmental cattle]. Priroda (Moskva), 42: 97-99.
Jackson, R. C. 1976. Evolution and systematic significance of polyploidy. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 7: 209-234.
Jacobson, E. (Editor) 2007. Infectious diseases and pathology of reptiles: Color atlas and text. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
James, H., Kynaston, D. 1989. London stories and other writings. Padstow: Tabb House.
Janko, K., Kotlík, P., Ráb, P. 2003. Evolutionary history of asexual hybrid loaches (Cobitis: Teleostei) inferred from phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA variation. J. Evol. Biol., 16: 1280-1287.
Jankun, A., Kovanda, M. 1988. Apomixis at the diploid level in Sorbus eximia. Embryological studies in Sorbus III. Preslia, 60: 193-213.
Jennings, H. S. 1909. Heredity and variation in the simplest organisms. Am. Nat., 43: 321-337.
Jennings, H. S. 1935. Genetic variations in relation to evolution. Princeton University Press.
Jeon, I. S., Cheong, I. C., Choi, K. S. 1997. Characteristics and karyological study of chicken-quail hybrids. The Korean Journal of Laboratory Animal Science, 39: 19-26.
Jewel, J. 1567. A defence of the apologie of the Churche of Englande, conteininge an answeare to a certaine booke lately set foorthe by M. Hardinge, and entituled, A confutation of &c. Imprinted at London in Fleetestreate, at the signe of the Elephante, by Henry VVykes.
Jiménez-Porras, J. M. 1967. Differentiation between Bothrops nummifer and Bothrops picadoi by means of the biochemical properties of their venoms. First International Symposium on Animal Toxins (Atlantic City), pp. 307-321.
Jöel, C. A. 1962. Zur Aetiologie des habituellen Abortes unter Berücksichtigung des männlichen Faktors. Gynaecologia, 154: 257-271.
Johanson, D. C., Maitland, A. E. 1981. Lucy: The Beginning of Humankind. St Albans: Granada.
Johanssen, W. 1903. Über Erblichkeit in Populationen und in reinen Linien. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
Johanssen, W. 1915. Experimentellle Grundlagen der Deszendenzlehre: Variabilität, Vererbung, Kreuzung, Mutation. In: Die Kultur der Gegenwart, III, 4, eds. C. Chun, W. Johannsen, pp. 597-660. Berlin: B. G. Teubner.
John, B., Lightfoot, D. C., Weissman, D. B. 1983. The meiotic behaviour of natural F1 hybrids between Trimerotropis suffusa Scudder and T. cyaneipennis Brunner (Orthoptera: Oediponinae). Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 25: 467-477.
Johnson, S. G., Hopkins, R., Goddard, K. 1999. Constraints on elevated ploidy in hybrid and non-hybrid parthenogenetic snails. J. Hered., 90: 659-662.
Johnson, S. G., Leefe, W. R. 1999. Clonal diversity and polyphyletic origins of hybrid and spontaneous parthenogenetic Campeloma (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) from the south-eastern United States. J. Evol. Biol., 12: 1056-1068.
Johnston, R. F. 1969. Taxonomy of House Sparrows and their allies in the Mediterranean basin. Condor, 71: 129-139.
Jones, J. M. 1973. Effects of thirty years hybridization on the toads Bufo americanus and Bufo woodhousi fowleri at Bloomington, Indiana. Evolution, 27: 435-448.
Jones, R. M., Searle, J. B. 2003. Mapping the course of the Oxford-Hermitage chromosomal hybrid zone in the Common Shrew, Sorex araneus: A GIS approach. Mammalia, 67: 193-200.
Jones, T. C., Thorington, R. W., Hu, M. M., Adams, E., Cooper, R. W. 1973. Karyotypes of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from different geographic regions. Am. J. Primatol., 38: 269-277.
Jordan, P. 2001. Neanderthal: Neanderthal Man and the Story of Human Origins. The History Press Ltd.
Jung, R. E., Morton, E. S., Fleischer, R. C. 1994. Vocalizations, mate preference, and parentage of a Zonotrichia × Junco hyemalis hybrid. Wilson Bull., 189: 106-202.
Juniper, T., Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: A guide to the parrots of the world. Perth: Pica Press.
Kalloo, G. 1992. Utilization of wild species. In: Distant hybridization in crop plants, eds., G. Kalloo, J. B. Chowdhury, pp. 149-167. New York: Springer Verlag.
Kalloo, G., Chowdhury, J. B. 1992. Distant hybridization in crop plants. New York: Springer Verlag.
Kamal, A. H. M. M., Mair, G. C. 2005. Salinity tolerance in superior genotypes of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mossambicus and their hybrids. Aquaculture, 247: 189-201.
Karpechenko, G. D. 1927. Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus L. × Brassica oleracea L. Bull. Appl. Bot., 17: 305-410.
Karpechenko, G. D. 1928. Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus L. × Brassica oleracea L. Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl., 48: 1-58.
Kaufmann, K. 1990. A field guide to advanced birding. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Kawamura, T. 1939. Artificial parthenogenesis in the frog. II. The sex of parthenogenetic frogs. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., B, Div. 1, 7: 39-86.
Kawamura, T. 1950a. Studies on hybridization in amphibians. II. Interspecific hybrids in red-colored frogs. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., B, Div. 1, 11: 61-70.
Kawamura, T. 1950b. Studies on hybridization in amphibians. III. Reciprocal hybrids between Triturus phyrrhogaster (Boie) and Triturus ensicauda (Hollowell). J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., B, Div. 1, 11: 71-79.
Kawamura, T. 1952. Studies on hybridization in amphibians. IV. Hybrids between Hynobius nebulosus (Schlegel) and Hynobius naevius (Schlegel). J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., ser. B, Div. 1, 13: 139-148.
Kawamura, T. 1953. Studies on hybridization in amphibians. V. Physiological isolation among four Hynobius species. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., B, Div. 1, 14: 73-116.
Kays, R. W. 2001. The solitary group life of a solitary carnivore -- The Kinkajou. In: The encyclopedia of mammals, 2nd ed. ed. D. W. MacDonald, pp. 92-93. London: Andromeda.
Kays, R. W. 2003. Polyandry and promiscuity in a primate-like carnivore: The Kinkajou (Potos flavus). In: Monogamy: Mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans, and other mammals, eds. U. Reichard, C. Boesch, pp. 125-137 New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kays, R. W., Gittleman, J. L. 1995. Home range size and social behavior of kinkajous (Potos flavus) in the Republic of Panama. Biotropica, 27: 530-534.
Kearney, M., Shine, R. 2004. Developmental success, stability, and plasticity in closely related parthenogenetic and sexual lizards (Heteronotia, Gekkonidae). Evolution, 58: 1560-1572.
Kearney, M., Wahl, R., Autumn, K. 2005. Increased capacity for sustained locomotion at low temperature in parthenogenetic geckos of hybrid origin. Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 78: 316-324.
Kearney, T. H., Peebles, R. H. 1942. Flowering plants and ferns of Arizona. Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Kearney, T. H., Peebles, R. H. 1964. Arizona flora. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Keast, A. 1961. Bird speciation in the Australian continent. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 123: 305-495.
Keller, B., Spaak, P. 2004. Nonrandom sexual reproduction and diapausing egg production in a Daphnia hybrid species complex. Limnol. Oceanog., 49: 1393-1400.
Kellogg, D. E. 1975. The role of phyletic change in the evolution of Pseudocubus vema (Radiolaria). Paleobiology, 1: 359-370.
Kellogg, E. A. 1998. Relationships of cereal crops and other grasses. PNAS, 95: 2005-2010.
Kellogg, R. 1929. A new fossil toothed whale from Florida. Am. Mus. Nov., no. 389
Kellogg, R. 1934a. A new cetothere from the Modelo Formation at Los Angeles, California. Publication. In: Marine Mammals, eds. Packard, R. Kellogg, E. Huber, 83-104. Washington: Carnegie Inst. Washington.
Kellogg, R. 1934b. The Patagonian fossil whalebone whale, Cetotherium moreni (Lydekker). In: Marine Mammals, eds. E. L. Packard, Kellogg, R., Huber, E., 64-81. Washington: Carnegie Inst. Washington.
Kellogg, R. A. 1936. Review of the archaeoceti. Washington DC: Carnegie Institute.
Kemp, A. C. 1994. Family Sagittariidae (Secretarybird), In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. II, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 206-215. Barcelona: Lynx.
Kemp, T. S. 1982. Mammal-like reptiles and the origin of mammals. New York: Academic Press.
Kemp, T. S. 2004. The origin and evolution of mammals. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kendall, C., Valentino, S., Bodine, A. B., Luer, C. A. 1994. Triploidy in a Nurse Shark (Giblymostoma cirratum). Copeia, 1994: 825-827.
Kendrick, K. M., Hinton, M. R., Atkins, K., Haupt, M. A., Skinner, J. D. 1998. Mothers determine sexual preferences. Nature, 395: 229-230.
Kerner, A. 1871. Können aus Bastarden Arten werden? Österreichische botanische Zeitschrift, 21: 34-41.
Kerner, A. 1894-1895. The natural history of plants. London: Blackie and Son.
Kettlewell, H. B. D. 1955. Selection experiments on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera. Heredity, 10: 287-301.
Key, K. H. L. 1968. The concept of stasipatric speciation. Syst. Zool., 17: 14-22.
Kezer, J. 1962. The chromosome number of the European cave Salamander Proteus anguinus. Bioloski Vestnik, 10: 45-48.
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Brown, T. M., Lillegraven, J. A. 1979. Eutheria. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two-thirds of mammalian history, eds. J. A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, W. A. Clemens, pp. 221-258. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kim, I. S. 1992. Chromosomes in plant evolution. Korean J. Plant Taxon., 22: 103-120.
King, D., Green, B. 1998. Goannas: The biology of varanid lizards. Perth: University of New South Wales Press.
King, M. 1993. Species evolution: The role of chromosome change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
King, M., Wilson, A. C. 1975. Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science, 188: 107-116.
King, W. A. 1980. Spontaneous chromosome translocation in cattle and pigs: A study of the causes of their fertility-reducing effects. Ph.D. thesis, Swedish Univ. Agric. Sci., Uppsala.
King, W. 1864. The reputed fossil man of the Neanderthal. Quarterly Review of Science, 1: 88-97.
Kingdon, J. 1971. East African mammals: An atlas of evolution in Africa. vol. I. New York: Academic Press.
Kingdon, J. 1974a. East African mammals. An atlas of evolution in Africa. vol. IIA. London: Academic Press.
Kingdon, J. 1974b. East African mammals. An atlas of evolution in Africa. vol. IIB. London: Academic Press.
Kingdon, J. 1979. East African mammals. An atlas of evolution in Africa. vol. IIIB. London: Academic Press.
Kirchhof-Glazier, D. A. 1979. Reproductive and behavioral effects of cross fostering female albino house mice (Mus musculus) to prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii). Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University.
Kirkby, R. J. 1977. Learning and problem solving in marsupials. In: The biology of marsupials, eds. B. Stonehouse, D. Gilmore, pp. 193-208. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Kirsch, J. A. W. 1977a. The classification of marsupials. In: The biology of marsupials, ed. D. Hunsaker, pp. 1-50. New York: Academic Press.
Kirsch, J. A. W. 1977b. The six-percent solution: Second thoughts on the adaptedness of the Marsupialia. Amererican Scientist, 65: 276-288.
Kizirian, D. A., Cole, C. J. 1999. Origin of the unisexual lizard Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Gymnophthalmidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA nucleotide sequences. Mol. Phylog. Evol., 11: 394-400.
Knight, T. A. 1799. An account of some experiments on the fecundation of vegetables. in a letter from Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, K. B. P. R. S. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., , 89: 195-204.
Kobayasi, H., Hashida, M. 1977. Morphological and cytological studies in back-cross hybrids of F1 fishes between the Kinbuna (Carassius auratus subsp.) and Cruscian Carp (Carassius carassius). Japan Women's Univ. J., 1: 24.
Koeppl, J. W., Hoffmann, R. S., Nadler, C. F. 1978. Pattern analysis of acoustical behaior in four species of ground squirrels. J. Mammal., 59: 677-696.
Kölliker, A. 1864. Über die Darwin'sche Schöpfungstheorie. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.
Kölreuter, J. G. 1761-1766. Vorläufige Nachricht von einigen das Geschlecht der Pflanzen betreffenden Versuchen und Beobachtungen. Leipzig: Gleditschischen Handlung.
Koltunow, A. M., Grossniklaus, U. 2003. Apomixis: A developmental perspective. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 54: 547-574.
Kondrashov, A. S. 1993. Classification of hypotheses on the advantage of amphimixis. J. Hered., 84: 372-387.
Korschinsky, S. 1899. Heterogenesis und evolution. Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift, 14: 273-278.
Korschinsky, S. 1901. Heterogenesis und evolution. Flora, 89(Suppl.): 240-368.
Korth, W. W. 1994. The Tertiary record of rodents in North America. New York: Plenum Press.
Kraus, F. 1985. A new unisexual salamander from Ohio. Occ. pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 709.
Kraus, F., Ducey, P. K., Moler, P., Miyamoto., M. M. 1991. Two new triparental unisexual Ambystoma from Ohio and Michigan. Herpetologica, 47: 429-439.
Kraus, F., Miyamoto, M. M. 1990. Mitochondrial genotype of a unisexual salamander of hybrid origin is unrelated to either of its nuclear haplotypes. PNAS, 87: 2235-2238.
Kruse, A. 1969. Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum L. (v. Koga II, 2n=42) and Avena sativa L. (v. Staal, 2n=42) with pseudogamous seed formation: Preliminary report. Meddelelser (Copenhagen), no. 126.
Krzywinski, A. 1993. Hybridization of milu stags with red deer hinds using the imprinting phenomenon. Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 26: 242-246.
Kucera, M., Malmgren, B. A. 1998. Differences between evolution of mean form and evolution of new morphotypes: An example from Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminferia. Paleobiology, 24: 49-63.
Kushner, H. F., Kitaeva, O. N. 1938a. [Blood composition in sheep and their hybrids with Ovis polii karelini (Sev.) in connection with the power of acclimatization]. Izvestiia Akademii nauk SSSR, 20: 47-52. [Animal Breeding Abstracts, 1940, p. 132].
Kushner, H. F., Kitaeva, O. N. 1938b. [Variation in blood composition of the Bactrian Camel, the Dromedary, and their hybrids with reference to vigor]. Izv. Akad. nauk SSSR. 20: 903-916. [Animal Breeding Abstracts, 1939, p. 144].
LaChance, L. E. 1984. Hybrid sterility: Eupyrene sperm production and abnormalities in the backcross generations of interspecific hybrids between Heliothis subflexa and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am, 77: 93-101.
Lack, D. 1940. Evolution of the Galapagos finches. Nature, 146: 324.
Lack, D. 1945. The Galapagos finches (Geospizinae). A study of variation. Occ. pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., no. 21.
Lahr, M. M., Foley R. 2004. Human evolution writ small. Nature, 431:1043-1044.
Lakoza, I. I. 1938. [Interspecific hybridization of the dromedary and the Bactrian Camel]. Izv. Akad. nauk SSSR. Ot. mat. i est., Ser. biol., pp. pp. 885-902.
Laland, K. N. 1994. On the evolutionary consequences of sexual imprinting. Evolution, 48: 477-489.
Lamarck, J.-B. 1802. Recherches sur l'organisation des corps vivants: Précédé du Discours d'ouverture du cours de zoologie donné dans la Muséum d'histoire naturelle. Paris: Fayard.
Lamarck, J.-B. 1809. Philosophie zoologique, ou, Exposition des considérations relative à l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris: Chez Dentu ... [et] l'auteur.
Lambert, D. 1991. Dinosaur data book. New York: Gramercy Books.
Lamborot, M. 2001. Karyotypic polymorphism and evolution within and between the Liolaemus monticola (Iguanidae) "northern 2n=38-40" chromosome race populations in central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 74: 121-138.
Lamborot, M., Eaton, L. C. 1992. Concordance of morphological variation and chromosomal races in Liolaemus monticola (Tropiduridae) separated by riverine barriers in the Andes. Z. Zool. Syst. Evol., 30: 189-200.
Lamprecht, H. 1941. Die Artgrenze zwischen Phaseolus vulgaris L. und multiflorus Lam. Hereditas, 27: 51-175.
Lande, R. 1985. The fixation of chromosomal rearrangements in a subdivided population with local extinction and colonization. Heredity, 54, 323-332.
Lange, W., Toxopeus, H., Lubberts, J. H., Dolstra, O., Harrewijn, J. L. 1989. The development of Raparadish (x Brassicoraphanus, 2n=38), a new crop in agriculture. Euphytica, 40: 1-14.
Lanham, U. N. 1981. Some Colorado Andrena of the subgenus Scaphandrena of presumed hybrid origin, with special reference to the tarsal claws (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 54: 537-546.
Lanham, U. N. 1984. The hybrid swarm of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in western North America: A possible source for the evolutionary origin of a new species. J. Kansas Ent. Soc., 57: 197-208.
Lantz, L. A., Callan, H. G. 1954. Phenotypes and spermatogenesis of interspecific hybrids between Triturus cristatus and T. marmoratus. J. Genet., 52: 165-185.
Larhammar, D., Risinger, C. 1994. Molecular genetic aspects of tetraploidy in the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Mol. Phylog. Evol., 3: 59-68.
Larson, J. L. 1968. The species concept of Linnaeus. Isis, 59: 291-299.
Larson, J. L. 1971. Reason and experience: The representation of the natural order in the work of Carl von Linné. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lasch, W.G. 1829. Enumeratio Hymenomycetum pileatorum Marchiae Brandenburgiae nondum in floris nostratibus nominatorum, cum observationibus in cognitos et novorum descriptionibus. Linnaea, 4: 518-583.
Lawrence, B., Bossert, W. H. 1969. The cranial evidence for hybridization in New England Canis. Breviora, no. 330.
Lay, D. M., Agerson, K., Nadler, C. F. 1975. Chromosomes of some species of Gerbillus (Mammalia: Rodentia). Z. Säugetierk., 40:141-150.
Lay, D. M., Nadler, C. F. 1969. Hybridization in the rodent genus Meriones. I. Breeding and cytological analysis of Meriones shawi (♀) × Meriones lybicus (♂) hybrids. Cytogenetics, 8: 35-50.
Le Double, A.- F. 1906. Variations des os de la face de l'homme. Paris: Vigot Freres.
Leakey, M. G., Feibel, C.S., McDougal, I., and Walker, A.C. 1995. New four-million- year-old species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature, 376: 565-571.
Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N., McDougall, I. 2001. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. Nature 410: 433-440.(announcement of the discovery of Kenyanthropus platyops)
Leakey, R. E. 1973. Evidence for an advanced Plio-Pleistocene hominid from East Rudolf, Kenya. Nature, 242: 447-450.
Lee, A. K., Carrick, F. N. 1989. Phascolarctidae. In: Fauna of Australia: Mammalia, D. W. Walton, B. J. Richardson, vol. 1B, pp. 740-754. Canberra: Aust. Gov. Publ. Serv.
Lee, J. E. 1993. Phylogenetic studies on the larvae of the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from Japan. Jap. J. Ent., 61: 409-424.
Lee, M. R., Schmidly, D. J., Huheey, C. C. 1972. Chromosomal variation in certain populations of Peromyscus boylii and its systematic implications. J. Mammal., 53: 697-707.
Lee, M. S. Y. 1997. The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., B, 352: 53-91.
Lee, M. S. Y., Caldwell, M. W. 2000. Adriosaurus and the affinities of mosasaurs, dolichosaurs, and snakes. J. Paleont., 74: 915-937
Lefranc, N. 1997. Shrikes: A guide to the shrikes of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Leitch, I. J., Bennett, M. D. 1997. Polyploidy in angiosperms. Trends in Plant Science, 2: 470-476.
Lemaire, F. 1977. Mixed song, interspecific competition and hybridisation in the Reed and Marsh warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus and A. palustris). Behaviour, 63: 215-240.
Lemche, H. 1957. A new living deep-sea mollusc of the Cambro-Devonian class Monoplacophora. Nature, 179: 413-416.
Lenk, P., Eidenmueller, B., Staudter, H., Wicker, R., Wink, M. 2005. A parthenogenetic Varanus. Amphibia-Reptilia, 26: 507-514.
Leonard, W. E. 1921. Lucretius: Of the nature of things; a metrical translation. New York: E. P. Dutton.
Levin, D. A. 1983. Polyploidy and novelty in flowering plants. Am. Nat., 122: 1-25.
Levin, D. A., Francisco-Ortega, J., Jansen, R. K. 1996. Hybridization and the extinction of rare plant species. Conservation Biology, 10: 10-16.
Levin, D. E. 2002. Evolutionary genomics of plant karyotypes: The role of chromosomal change in plant evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Levi-Setti, R. 1993. Trilobites. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lewin, B. 1987. Genes. 3rd edition. John Wiley & Sons.
Lewin, B. 2000. Genes VIII. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Lewis, H. 1962. Catastropic selection a a factor in speciation. Evolution, 16: 257-271.
Lewis, H. 1966. Speciation in flowering plants. Science, 152: 167-172.
Lewis, H., Epling, C. 1959. Delphinium gypsophilum, a diploid species of hybrid origin. Evolution, 13: 511-525.
Lewis, H., Raven, P. H. 1958. Rapid evolution in Clarkia. Evolution, 12: 319-336.
Lewis, W. H. 1980b. Polyploidy in species populations. In: Polyploidy: Biological relevance, ed. W. H. Lewis, pp. 103-44. New York: Plenum.
Lewis, W. H. ed. 1980a. Polyploidy: Biological relevance. New York: Plenum Press.
Li, H.-L. 1963. The origin and cultivation of shade and ornamental trees. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
Li, L. 1987. The origin of Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae) based on karyotype. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 9: 187-192.
Lieberman, D. E., Wood, B. A., Pilbeam, D. R. 1996. Homoplasy and early Homo: an analysis of the evolutionary relationships of H. habilis sensu stricto and H. rudolfensis. Journal of Human Evolution, 30: 4-6.
Lieder, U. 1983. Introgression as a factor in the evolution of polytypical plankton cladocera. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie, 68: 269-284.
Lieder, U. 1987. The possible origin of Daphnia cucullata procurva Poppe 1887 in the lakes of the Pomeranian Lakeland by hybridization in the past. Hydrobiologia, 145: 201-211.
Liming, S., Pathak, S. 1981. Gametogenesis in a male Indian Muntjac × Chinese Muntjac hybrid. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 30: 152-156.
Liming, S., Yingying, Y., Xingsheng, D. 1980. Comparative cytogenetic studies on the Red Muntjac, Chinese Muntjac, and their F1 hybrids. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 26: 22-27.
Lindgren, J. 2005. The first record of Hainosaurus (Reptilia: Mosasauridae) from Sweden. J. Paleont., 79: 1157-1165.
Lindgren, J., Jagt, J. W. M., Caldwell, M. W. 2007. A fishy mosasaur: The axial skeleton of Plotosaurus (Reptilia, Squamata) reassessed. Lethaia, 40, 153-160.
Lingham-Soliar, T. 1995. Anatomy and functional morphology of the largest marine reptile known, Mosasaurus hoffmanni (Mosasauridae, Reptilia) from the Upper Cretaceous, Upper Maastrichtian of the Netherlands. Phil. Trans., Biol. Sci., 347, No. 1320, 155-180.
Linnaeus, C. 1756. Plantae hybridae (Diss., Resp. J. J. Haartmann). In: Caroli Linnaei Ammoenitates Academicae, seu dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, bontanicae antehac seorsim editae, pp. 28-61. Holmiae: Salvius.
Littlejohn, M. J., Watson, G. F. 1976a. Effectiveness of a hybrid mating call in eliciting phonotaxis by females of the Geocrinia laevis complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Copeia, 1976: 76-79.
Littlejohn, M. J., Watson, G. F. 1976b. Mating-call structure in a hybrid population of the Geocrina laevis complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae) over a seven-year period. Evolution, 30: 848-850.
Lloyd-Jones, O. 1916. Mules that breed. J. Hered., 7: 494-502.
Lockley, A. K. 1992. Changes in the position of the hybrid zone between the House Sparrow Passer domesticus domesticus and the Italian Sparrow, P. d. italiae in the Alpes Maritimes. J. Orn., 137: 243-248.
Lockley, A. K. 1996. The position of the hybrid zone between the House Sparrow Passer domesticus domesticus and the Italian Sparrow, P. d. italiae in the Alpes Maritimes. J. Orn., 133: 77-82.
Lokki, J., Saura, A. 1980. Polyploidy in insect evolution. In: Polyploidy: Biological relevance, ed. W. H. Lewis, pp. 277-312. New York: Plenum Press.
Lönnberg, E. 1909. Carl von Linné und die Lehre von den Wirbeltieren. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
Lönnberg, E. 1912. Mammals collected by the Swedish Zoological Expedition to British East Africa, 1911. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktrycker.
Loomis, F. B. 1913. Hunting extinct animals in the Patagonian pampas. New York: Dodd, Mead, & Co. .
Loomis, F. B. 1914. The Deseado Formation of Patagonia. Amherst: Amherst College.
Lordkipanidze et al. 2006. A fourth hominin skull from Dmanisi, Georgia. Anatomical Record, A, 288(11): 1146-1157.
Lorenz, K. 1952. King Solomon's ring. London: Methuen and Co.
Lorenz, K. 1970. Studies in animal behavior and human behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Lotsy, J. P. 1915. Antirrhinum rhinanthoides mihi, une nouvelle espèce Linnéenne, obtenue expérimentalement. Arch. Néerl. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3B, Sci. Nat., 3: 195-204.
Lotsy, J. P. 1916. Evolution by means of hybridization. The Hague: J. Nijhoff.
Lotsy, J. P. 1922. Die Aufarbeitung des Kühn'schen Kreuzungsmaterials im Institut für Tierzucht der Universität Halle. Genetica, 4: 32-61.
Löve, A., Löve, D. 1957. Arctic polyploidy. Proc. Gen. Soc. Can., 2: 23-27.
Lovejoy, A. O. 1936. The great chain of being: A study of the history of an idea. Harvard University Press.
Lowe, C. H., Wright, J. W., Cole, C. J., Bezy, R. L. 1970. Chromosomes and evolution of the species groups of Cnemidophorus (Reptilia: Teiidae). Syst. Zool., 19: 128-141.
Lucca, E. J. 1974. Cariótipos de 8 espécies de aves. Rev. Bras. Biol. 34: 387-392.
Lucca, E. J., Rocha, G. T. 1992. Citogenética de Aves. Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi, Ser. 8: 33-68.
Lucca, E. J., Waldrigues, A. 1985. The karyotypes of nine species of Passeriformes. Egypt. J. Genet. Cytol. 14: 41-50.
Ludwig, A., Belfiore, N. M., Pitra, C., Svirsky, V., Jenneckens, I. 2001. Genome duplication events and functional reduction of ploidy levels in sturgeon (Acipenser, Huso and Scaphirhynchus). Genetics, 158: 1203-1215.
Lutz, A. M. 1907. A preliminary note on the chromosomes of Oenothera lamarckiana and one of its mutants, O. gigas. Science, 26: 151-152.
Lyapunova, E. A., Baklushinskaya, I. Y., Kolomiets, O. L., Mazurova, T. F. 1990. [Analysis of fertility of hybrids of multi-chromosomal forms in mole-voles of the super-species Ellobius tancrei differing in a single pair of Robertsonian metacentrics]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 310: 721-723.
Lyapunova, E. A., Vorontsov, N. N., Korobitsyna, K. V., Ivanitskaya, E. Y., Borisov, Y. M., Yakimenko, L. V., Dovgal, V. Y. 1980. A Robertsonian fan in Ellobius talpinus. Genetica, 52/53: 239-247.
Lyapunova, E. A., Yakimenko, L. V. 1986. Genetics of mole lemmings (Ellobius, Rodentia). Part IV. Reduced fertility of hybrids of forms of mole lemmings of the superspecies Ellobius talpinus with different numbers of chromosomes. Sov. Gen., 21: 1539-1547.
Lydekker, R. 1896. A geographical history of mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lyell, C. 1832. Principles of geology. 2nd edition. London: John Murray.
Lyell, C. 1835. Principles of geology. 4th edition. London: John Murray.
Lyell, K. 1881. Life, letters, and journals of Sir Charles Lyell. London: John Murray.
Mable, B. K. 2004. 'Why polyploidy is rarer in animals than in plants': Myths and mechanisms. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 82: 453-466.
Maceira, N. O., de Haan, A. A., Lumaret, R., Billon, M., Delay, J. 1992. Production of 2n gametes in diploid subspecies of Dactylis glomerata L. 1. Occurrence and frequency of 2n pollen. Ann. Bot., 69: 335-343.
Macey, M., Dixon, L. K. 1987. Chromosomal variation in Peromyscus maniculatus populations along an elevational gradient.. Evolution, 41: 676-678.
MacFadden, B. J., Frailey, C. D. 1984. Pyrotherium, A large enigmatic ungulate (Mammalia, incertae sedis) from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Salla Bolivia. Paleontology, 27: 867-874.
MacFarlane, W. V. 1968. Comparative functions of ruminants in hot environments. In: Adaption of domestic animals, ed. E. S. E. Hafez, pp. 264-76. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Magner, L. N. 1979. A history of the life sciences. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
Maiklem, L., Lach, W. ed. 1998. Ultimate visual dictionary of science. New York: DK Publishing, Inc.
Maisch, M. W., Matzke, A. T. 2003. The cranial osteology of the ichthyosaur Leptonectes cf. tenuirostris from the Lower Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23:116-127.
Maisch, M. W., Reisdorf, A. G. 2006. Evidence for the longest stratigraphic range of a post-Triassic Ichthyosaur: a Leptonectes tenuirostris from the Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Switzerland. Geobios, 39: 491-505.
Makino, S. 1935. The chromosomes in Cryptobranchus allegheniensis. J. Morph., 58: 573-583.
Makino, S. 1939. The chromosomes of three species of Hynobius belonging to the naevius group. Dobutsugaku zasshi, 51: 729-733.
Makino, S. 1955. Notes on the cytological features of male sterility in the mule. Experientia, 11: 224-226.
Makino, S., Udagawa, T., Yamashina, Y. 1956. Karyotype studies in birds. 2: A comparative study of chromosomes in the Columbidae. Caryologia, 8: 275-293.
Maksudov, G. Y., Panchenko, V. G. 2002. Obtaining an interspecific hybrid of cranes by artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen. Biology Bulletin. 29: 196-199.
Mallegni, F. Carnieri, E., Bisconti, M., Tartarelli, G., Ricci, S., Biddittu, I., Segre, A. 2003. Homo cepranensis sp. nov. and the evolution of African-European Middle Pleistocene hominids. Comptes Rendus Palevol., 2: 153-159.
Malmgren, B. A., Kennett, J. P. 1981. Phyletic gradualism in a Late Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal lineage: DSDP site 284, southwest Pacific. Paleobiology, 7: 230-240.
Mancino, G., Ragghianti, M., Bucci-Innocenti, S. 1976. Chromosome constitution of newt interspecific hybrids of the genus Triturus (Urodela: Salamandridae). Bollettino (Accad. Lincei), Ser. 8, 61: 661-668.
Manfredi Romanini, M. G. 1985. The nuclear content of deoxyribonucleic acid and some problems of mammalian phylogenesis. Mammalia, 49: 369-385.
Manglesdorf, P. C., Reeves, R. G. 1939. The origin of indian corn and its relatives. College Station: Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.
Maniotis, J. 1980. Polyploidy in fungi. In: Polyploidy: Biological relevance, ed. W. H. Lewis, pp. 163-192. New York: Plenum Press.
Manton, I. 1950. Problems of cytology and evolution in the Pteridophyta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mantovani, B., Passamonti, M., Scali, V. 2001. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene in Bacillus stick insects: Ancestry of hybrids, androgenesis, and phylogenetic relationships. Mol. Phylog. Evol., 19: 157-163.
Manwell, C. C., Baker, M. A., Childers, W. 1963. The genetics of hemoglobin in hybrids. I. A molecular basis for hybrid vigor. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 10: 103-120.
Manzi, G., Mallegni, F. and Ascenzi, A. 2001. A cranium for the earliest Europeans: Phylogenetic position of the hominid from Ceprano, Italy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98: 10011-10016.
Marchant, S., Higgins, P. J. eds. 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic birds, vol. 1. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Marchenko, I. I. 1962. Hybrids between Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower. In: Wide hybridization in plants, ed. N. V. Tsitsin, pp. 317-330. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
Marescalchi, D. 2005. Karyotype and mitochondrial 16S gene characterizations in seven South American Cichlasomatini species (Perciformes, Cichlidae). J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 43: 22-28.
Margulis L. 1970. Origin of eukaryotic cells. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Margulis, L., Schwartz, K. V. 1982. Five kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth. New: York: W. H. Freeman.
Margulis, L., Schwartz, K. V. 1998. Five kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth, 3rd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Markov, G. G., Dobrianov, D. S. 1985. A karyo-systematic study on roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus L., 1758) in Bulgaria. Acta Zool. Bulgar., 28: 3-9.
Marler, R., Tenaza, R. R. 1977. Signaling behavior of apes with special reference to vocalizations. In: How animals communicate, ed. T. Sebeok, pp. 965-1033. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Marris, E. 2007. The species and the specious. Nature, 446: 250-253.
Martin, A. P., Birmingham, E. 1998. Systematics and evolution of lower Central American cichlids inferred from analysis of cytochrome b gene sequences. Mol. Phylog. Evol., 9: 192-203.
Martin, D. E., Gould, K. G. 1981. The male genital tract and its secretions. In: Reproductive biology of the great apes, ed. C. E. Graham, pp. 127-162. New York: Academic Press.
Martin, L. D., Rothschild, B. M. 1989. Paleopathology and diving mosasaurs. American Scientist, 77: 460-467.
Martin, L. J., Cruzan, M. B. 1999. Patterns of hybridization in the Piriqueta caroliniana complex in central Florida: Evidence for an expanding hybrid zone. Evolution, 53: 1037-1049.
Martin, P. G. 1977. Marsupial biogeography and plate tectonics. In: The biology of marsupials, B. Stonehouse, D. P. Gilmore, pp. 97-115. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Martin, W. 1999. Mosaic bacterial chromosomes: A challenge en route to a tree of genomes. Bioessays, 21: 99-104.
Martinez, I. 1992. Order Sphenisciformes. In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. I, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 76-111. Barcelona: Lynx.
Mascarello, J. T. 1978. Chromosomal, biochemical, mensural, penile, and cranial variation in Desert Woodrats (Neotoma lepida). J. Mammal., 59: 477-495.
Maslin, T. P. 1971. Parthenogenesis in reptiles. Am. Zool., 11: 361-380.
Masterson, J. 1994. Stomatal size in fossil plants: Evidence for polyploidy in majority of angiosperms. Science, 264: 421-424.
Matsubara, K., Arai, K., Suzuki, R. 1995. Survival potential and chromosomes of progeny of triploid and pentaploid females in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Aquaculture, 131: 37-48.
Matsuda, Y., Chapman, V. M. 1992. Analysis of sex-chromosome aneuploidy in interspecific backcross progeny between the laboratory mouse strain C57BL/6 and Mus spretus. Cytogen. Cell Gen., 60: 74-78.
Mattfeld, J. 1930. Über hybridogene Sippen der Tannen, nachgewiesen an den Formen der Balkanhalbinsel, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Waldgeschichte der Balkanhalbinsel. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart.
Matthew, P. 1831. On naval timber and arboriculture: With critical notes on authors who have recently treated the subject of planting. Edinburgh: A. Black
Matthey, R. 1949. Les chromosomes des vertébrés. Lausanne: F. Rouge.
Matthey, R. 1963. Polymorphisme chromosomique intraspecifique et intraindividuel chez Acomys minous Bate (Mammalia-Rodentia-Muridae): Etude cytologique des hybrides Acomys minous ♂ × Acomys cahirinus ♀. Le mecanisme des fusions centriques. Chromsoma, 14: 468-497.
Mattson, M. E., Evans, R. M. 1974. Visual imprinting and auditory discrimination learning in young of the Canvasback and semiparasitic Redhead (Anatidae). Can. J. Zool., 52: 421-427.
Mavárez, J., Salazar, C. A., Bermingham, E., Salcedo, C., Jiggins, C. D., Linares, M. 2006. Speciation by hybridization in Heliconius butterflies. Nature, 441: 868-872.
May, R. M., Endler, J. A., McMurtrie, R. E. 1975. Gene frequency clines in the presence of selection opposed by gene flow. Am. Nat., 109: 659-676.
Maynard Smith, J. 1971. The origin and maintenance of sex. In: Group selection, ed. G. C. Williams, pp. 163-175. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
Maynard Smith, J. 1978. The evolution of sex. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Maynard Smith, J. 1988. The evolution of sex. In: The evolution of sex, eds. R. Bellig, G. Stevens, pp. 3-20. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Mayr, B., Krutzler, H., Auer, H., Schleger, W., Sasshofer, K., Glawischnig, E. 1985. A viable calf with trisomy 22. Cytogen. Cell Gen., 39: 77-79.
Mayr, E. 1932. Notes on thickheads (Pachycephala) from the Solomon Islands. Am. Mus. Nov., no. 522.
Mayr, E. 1940. Speciation phenomena in birds. Am. Nat., 74: 249-278.
Mayr, E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. New York: Columbia University Press.
Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Mayr, E. 1972. Introduction. In: On the origin of species; A facsimile of the first edition with an introduction by Ernst Mayr. New York: Atheneum.
Mayr, E. 1982. The growth of biological thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Mayr, E., Ashlock, P. D. 1991. Principles of systematic zoology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mayr, E., Gilliard, E. T. 1954. Birds of central New Guinea. Results of the American Museum of Natural History expeditions to New Guinea in 1950 and 1952. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 103: 317-374.
Mazik, E. Y., Kadyrova, B. K., Toktosunov, A. T. 1976. Peculiarities of the karyotype of the green toad (Bufo viridis) of Kirghizia. Zool. Zh., 55: 1740-1742.
Mazurok, N. A., Rubtsova, N. V., Isaenko, A. A., Pavlova, M. E., Slobodyanyuk, S. Y., Nesterova, T. B., Zakian, S. M. 2001. Comparative chromosome and mitochondrial DNA analyses and phylogenetic relationships within common voles (Microtus, Arvicolidae). Chrom. Res., 9: 107-120.
McAllister, H. A. 1986. The Rowan and its relatives (Sorbus spp.). Neston: Ness Gardens (University of Liverpool Botanic Gardens).
McCarthy, E. M. (in prep.). Handbook of mammalian hybrids of the world.
McCarthy, E. M. 1995. A theoretical assessment of recombinational speciation. Masters Thesis Dissertation. University of Georgia.
McCarthy, E. M. 2006. Handbook of avian hybrids of the world. New York: Oxford University Press.
McCarthy, E. M., Asmussen, M. A., Anderson, W. W. 1995. A theoretical assessment of recombinational speciation. Heredity, 74: 502-509.
McCool, C. J. 1990. Spermatogenesis in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) and hybrids with Bos indicus and Bos taurus. Res. Vet. Sci., 48: 288-294.
McDade, L. 1992. Hybrids and phylogenetic systematics. II. The impact of hybrids on cladistic analysis. Evolution, 46: 1329-1346.
McFadden, C. S., Breton-Hutchinson, M. 2004. Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of species in the soft coral genus Alcyonium (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia). Mol. Ecol., 13: 1495-1505.
McFadden, E. S., Sears, E. F. 1946. The origin of Triticum spelta and its free-threshing hexaploid relatives. J. Hered., 37: 81-89.
McGovern, P. T. 1973. The effect of maternal immunity on survival of goat × sheep hybrid embryos. J. Reprod. Fert., 34: 215-220.
McGowan, C. 1973. A note on the most recent ichthyosaur known: An isolated coracoid from the Upper Campanian of Saskatchewan (Reptilia, Icthyosauria). Can. J. Earth Sci., 10: 1346-1349.
McGowan, C. 1978a. An isolated ichthyosaur coracoid from the Maastrichian of New Jersey. Can. J. Earth Sci., 15: 169-171.
McGowan, C. 1978b. An isolated ichthyosaur coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous Mowry Formation of Wyoming. Can. J. Earth Sci., 15: 169-171.
McKenna, M. C. 1980. Early history and biogeography of South America's extinct land mammals. In: Evolutionary Biology of the new world monkeys and continental drift, eds. R. L. Ciochon, A. B. Chiarelli, pp. 43-77. New York: Plenum Press.
McLysaght, A., Hokamp., K., Wolfe, K. H. 2002. Extensive genome duplication during early chordate evolution. Nature Genetics, 31: 200-204.
McNab, B. K. 1980. Energetics and the limits to a temperate distribution in armadillos. J. Mammal., 61: 606-607.
Meager, S., Dowling, T. E. 1991. Hybridization between the cyprinid fishes Luxilus albeolus, L cornutus and L. cerasinus, with comments on the hybrid origin of Luxilus albeolus. Copeia, 1991: 979-991.
Meise, W. 1936a. Über Artentstehung durch Kreuzung in der Vogelwelt. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 56: 590-604.
Meise, W. 1936b. Zur Systematik und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Haus-und Weidensperlinge, Passer domesticus (L.) und hispaniolensis (T.). J. Orn., 84: 631-672.
Meise, W. 1975. Natürliche Bastardpopulationen und Speziationprobleme bei Völgeln. Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 18/19: 187-254.
Mendel, G. 1866. Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn. 4: 1-47.
Menezes, N. A., Weitzman, S. H. 1990. Two new species of Mimagoniates (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudinae), their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudin fishes of Brazil and Paraguay. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 103: 380-426.
Menzel, B. W. 1977. Morphological and electrophoretic identification of a hybrid cyprinid fish, Notropis cerasinus × N. c. cornutus, with implications on the evolution of Notropis albeolus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 57B: 215-218.
Merriam, C. H. 1918. Review of the grizzly and big brown bears of North America (genus Ursus) with description of a new genus, Vetularctos. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Meyer de Schauensee, R. 1966. The species of birds of South America and their distribution. Narberth: Livingston Publications.
Meyer, A., Salzburger, W., Schartl, M. 2006. Hybrid origin of a swordtail species (Teleostei: Xiphophorus clemenciae) driven by sexual selection. Mol. Ecol., 15: 721-730.
Meyer, A., Schartl, M. 1999. Gene and genome duplication in vertebrates: The one-to-four (-to eight in fish) rule and the evolution of novel gene functions. Current Opinions in Cell Biology, 11: 699-704.
Miller, E. H., Ponce de León, A., DeLong, R. L. 1996. Violent interspecific sexual behaviour by male sea lions (Otariidae): Evolutionary and phylogenetic implications. Marine Mammal Science, 12: 468-476.
Miller, R. R., Smith, G. R. 1981. Distribution and evolution of Chasmistes (Pisces: Catostomidae) in Western North America. Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, no. 696.
Milne, R. I., Abbott, R. J., Wolff, K., Chamberlain, D. F. 1999. Hybridization among sympatric species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) in Turkey: Morphological and molecular evidence. Am. J. Bot., 86: 1776-1785.
Milne-Edwards, H. 1867. Rapport sur les progrès recénts des sciences zoologiques en France. Paris.
Milner, R. 1993. The encyclopedia of evolution: Humanity's search for its origins. New York: Henry Holt.
Mina, M. V. 1992. An interpretation of diversity in the Salmonid genus Brachymystax (Pisces: Salmonidae) as the possible result of multiple hybrid speciation. J. Ichthyol., 32: 117-122.
Minelli, A. 1993. Biological systematics: The state of the art. New York: Chapman and Hall.
Misra, R. K., Short, L. L. 1974. A biometric analysis of oriole hybridization. Condor, 76: 137-146.
Mitchell, D. E. 2000. Allen's Hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin), no. 501, Birds of North America, eds. A. Poole, F. Gill. Philadelphia: Birds of North America.
Mogie, M. 1992. The evolution of asexual reproduction in plants. New York: Chapman and Hall.
Moll, L., Gayot, E. 1860. La connaissance générale du boeuf, études de zootechnie pratique sur les races bovines de la France, de l'Algérie, de l'Angleterre, de l'Allemagne, de la Suisse, de l'Autriche, de la Russie et de la Belgique, avec une atlas de 83 figures. Paris: F. Didot frères, fils et Cie.
Montagna, W. M. 1971. Cutaneous comparative biology. Arch. Derm.,104: 577-591.
Montagna, W. M. 1974. The structure and function of skin. 3rd edition. New York: Academic Press.
Moore, D. R., Miller, M. R. 1979. Discovery of living bivalved gastropods in the Florida Keys. The Nautilus, 93: 106.
Moore, J. 1735. Columbarium: Or the pigeon-house; being an introduction to a natural history of tame pigeons, giving an account of the several species known in England, with the method of breeding them, their distempers and cures. London.
Moore, M. J., Early, G. A. 2004. Cumulative sperm whale bone damage and the bends. Science, 306: 2215.
Moore, N. W., Halnan, C. R. E., McDowell, G. H., Martin, I. C. A. 1980. Hybridization between a Barbary Ram (Ammotragus lervia Pallas) and goat does (Capra hircus Linnaeus). Australian Proceedings of the XII Conference of the Australian Society for Reproductive Biology (Armidale), 44 (see Animal Breeding Abstracts, 1982, no. 3879).
Moore, W. S. 1977. An evaluation of narrow hybrid zones in vertebrates. Q. Rev. Biol., 52: 263-277.
Moore, W. S. 1984. Evolutionary ecology of unisexual fishes. In: Evolutionary genetics of fishes, ed. B. J. Turner, pp. 329-398. New York: Plenum Press.
Moore, W. S. 1995. Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), no. 166, Birds of North America, eds. A. Poole, F. Gill. Philadelphia: Birds of North America.
Moore, W. S., Buchanan, D. B. 1985. Stability of the Northern Flicker hybrid zone in historical times: Implications for adaptive speciation theory. Evolution, 39: 135-151.
Moore, W. S., Price, J. T. 1993. The nature of selection in the Northern Flicker hybrid zone and its implications for speciation theory. In: Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process, ed. R. G. Harrison, pp. 196-225. New York: Oxford University Press.
Moorhead, P. S., Nowell, P. C., Mellman, W. J., Battips, D. M., Hungerford, D. A. 1960. Chromosome preparations of leukocytes cultured from human peripheral blood. Exp. Cell Res., 20: 613-616.
Morescalchi, A., Olmo, E. 1974. Sirenids: A family of polyploid urodeles? Experientia, 30: 491-492.
Morescalchi, A., Olmo, E., Odierna, G., Rosati, C. 1986. On the polyploidy in the family Sirenidae (Amphibia: Caudata). In: Studies in Herpetology, ed. Z. Rocek, pp. 165-170. Prague: Charles University.
Morfill, W. R., Charles, R. H. 1896. The book of the secrets of Enoch. Oxford: The Clarendon press.
Morgan, T. H. 1903. Evolution and adaptation. New York: Macmillan.
Morgan, T. H. 1911. An attempt to analyse the constitution of the chromosomes on the basis of sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila. J. Exp. Zool., 11: 365-413.
Morgan, T. H. 1915. The mechanism of Mendelian heredity. New York, Holt.
Morgan-Richards, M., Trewick, S. A. 2005. Hybrid origin of a parthenogenetic genus? Mol. Ecol., 14: 2133-2142.
Moritz, C. C. 1984. The origin and evolution of parthenogenesis in Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae). I. Chromoome banding studies. Chromosoma, 89: 151-162.
Moritz, C. C. 1987. The population biology of Gehyra (Gekkonidae): Chromosome change and speciation. Syst. Zool., 35: 273-291.
Moritz, C. C., Donnellan, S., Adams, M., Baverstock, P. R. 1989a. The origin and evolution of parthenogenesis in Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae): Genotypic diversity among parthenogens. Evolution, 43: 994-1003.
Moritz, C. C., Wright, J. W., Brown, W. M. 1989b. Mitochondrial-DNA analyses and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). III. C. velox and C. exsanguinis complex. Evolution, 43: 958-968.
Morris, D. 1970. Patterns of reproductive behaviour. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Morris, H. C. 1998. The crucible of creation: The Burgess Shale and the rise of animals. New York: Oxford University Press.
Morton, N. 1669. New-Englands Memoriall, or, a brief relation of the most memorable and remarkable passages of the providence of God, manifested to the planters of New-England in America ... Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Morton, S. G. 1847. Hybridity in animals and plants, considered in reference to the unity of the human species. New Edinb. Phil. J., 44: 262-288.
Morwood, M. J., Soejono, R. P., Roberts, R. G., Sutikna, T., Turney, C. S. M., Westaway, K. E., Rink, W. J., Zhao, J.- x., van den Bergh, G. D., Rokus Awe Due, Hobbs, D. R., Moore, M. W., Bird, M. I., Fifield, L. K. 2004. Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia. Nature, 431: 1087-1091.
Moska, M. 2003. A hybrid zone between the chromosomal races Legucki Mlyn and Popielno of the Common Shrew in north-eastern Poland: Preliminary results.. Acta Theriol., 48: 441-455.
Motani, R. 1999. The skull and taxonomy of Mixosaurus (Ichthyopterygia). J. Paleont., 73: 924-935.
Mujeeb-Kazi, A. 1981. Apomictic progeny derived from intergeneric Hordeum-Triticum hybrids. Heredity, 72: 284-285.
Muller, C. H. 1952. Ecological control of hybridization in. Quercus: A factor in the mechanism of evolution. Evolution, 6: 147-162.
Muller, H. J. 1925. Why polyploidy is rarer in animals than in plants. Am. Nat., 59: 346-353.
Muller, H. J. 1942. Isolating mechanisms, evolution, and temperature. Biol. Symp., 6: 71-125.
Muniyamma, M., Phipps, J. B. 1985. Studies in Crataegus. XI. Further cytological evidence for the occurrence of apomixis in North American hawthorns. Can. J. Bot., 62: 2316-2324.
Müntzing, A. 1930. Outlines to a genetic monograph of Galeopsis. Hereditas, 13: 185-341.
Müntzing, A. 1932. Cyto-genetic investigations on synthetic Galeopsis tetrahit. Hereditas, 16: 105-154.
Müntzing, A. 1936. The evolutionary significance of autopolyploidy. Hereditas, 21: 263-378.
Murphy, W. J. et al. 2001. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using bayesian phylogenetics. Science, 294: 2348 - 2351.
Muscarella, D., Vogt, V. M., Bloom, S. E. 1985. The ribosomal RNA gene cluster in aneuploid chickens: Evidence for increased gene dosage and regulation of gene expression. J. Cell Biol.. 101: 1749-1756.
Nadeau, J. H., Sankoff, D. 1997. Comparable rates of gene loss and functional divergence after genome duplication early in vertebrate evolution. Genetics, 147: 1259-1266.
Narain, Y., Fredga, K. 1996. A hybrid zone between the Hällefors and Uppsala chromosome races of Sorex araneus in central Sweden. Hereditas, 125: 137-145.
Narain, Y., Fredga, K. 1997. Meiosis and fertility in Common Shrews, Sorex araneus, from a chromosomal hybrid zone in central Sweden. Cytogen. Cell Gen., 78: 253-259.
Narain, Y., Fredga, K. 1998. Spermatogenesis in Common Shrews, Sorex araneus, from a hybrid zone with extensive Robertsonian polymorphism. Cytogen. Cell Gen., 80(1-4): 158-164.
Nascetti, G., Bondanelli, P., Aldinucci, A., Cimmaruta, R. 2003. Genetic structure of bisexual and parthogenetic populations of Artemia from Italian brackish-hypersaline waters. Oceanologica Acta, 26(Suppl.): 93-100.
Natale, M., Pidalà, L. G. 2004. Gli ibridi. Tecnica, Allevamento, Genetica, Biologia. Brugherio: Edizioni Alcedo.
Negro, J. J., Torres, M. J., Godoy, J. A. 2001. RAPD analysis for detection and eradication of hybrid partridges (Alectoris rufa × A. graeca) in Spain. Biol. Conserv., 98: 19-24.
Neigel, J. E., Avise, J. C. 1986. Phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial DNA under various demographic models of speciation. New York: Academic Press.
Nelson, K., Baker, R. J., Honeycutt, R. J. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and protein differentiation between hybridizing cytotypes of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). Evolution, 41: 864-872.
Nesov, L. A. 1981. Late Cretaceous flying lizards from the Kyzyl-Kumy region. Paleont. Zh., 4: 104-110.
Newell, C. A., deWet, J. M. J. 1973. A cytological survey of Zea-Tripsacum hybrids. Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 15: 763-778.
Newman, H. H. 1915. Development and heredity in teleost hybrids. J. Exp. Zool., 18: 511-576.
Newman, H. H. 1917. On the production of monsters by hybridization. Biol. Bull., 32: 306-321.
Newman, H. H. 1918. Hybrids between Fundulus and mackerel. J. Exp. Zool., 26: 391-417.
Newton, W. C. F., Pellew, C. 1929. Primula kewensis and its derivatives. J. Genet., 20: 405-467.
Nicholls, E. L, Manabe, M. 2001. A new genus of ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic Pardonet Formation of British Columbia: bridging the Triassic-Jurassic gap. Can. J. Earth Sci., 38: 983-1002.
Nicholls, E. L., Manabe, M. 2004. Giant ichthyosaurs of the Triassic -- A new species of Shonisaurus from the Pardonet Formation (Norian: Late Triassic) of British Columbia. J. Vert. Paleont., 24: 838-849.
Nichols, J. T. 1908. Lawrence's and Brewster's warblers and Mendelian inheritance. Auk, 25: 86.
Niethammer, G., Bauer, K. 1960. Das Mischgebiet zwischen Passer d. domesticus and Passer d. italiae in Süd-Tirol. J. Orn., 99: 431-437.
Nijman, I. J., Otsen, M., Verkaar, E. L. C., de Ruijter, C., Hanekamp, E., Ochieng, J. W., Shamshad, S., Rege, J. E. O., Hanotte, O., Barwegen, M. W., Sulawati, T., Lenstra, J. A. 2003. Hybridization of Banteng (Bos javanicus) and Zebu (Bos indicus) revealed by mitochondrial DNA, satellite DNA, AFLP and microsatellites. Heredity, 90: 10-16.
Nirchio, M., Turner, B. J., Perez, J. E., Gaviria, J. I., Cequea, H. 2002. Karyotypes of three species of toadfish (Batrachoididae: Teleostei) from Venezuela. Scientia Marina, 66: 1-4.
Nogler, G. A. 1984. Gametophytic apomixis. In: Embryology of angiosperms, ed. B. M. Johri, pp. 475-518.
Nordborg, G. 1967. Embryological studies in the Sanguisorba minor complex (Rosaceae). Botaniska Notiser, 120: 109-119.
Norman, D. 1985. The illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs. London: Salamander Books.
Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's mammals of the world. 6th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Nygren, A. 1946. The genesis of some Scandinavian species of Calamagrostis. Hereditas, 32: 131-262.
Nygren, A. 1948. Further studies in spontaneous and synthetic Calamagrostis purpurea. Hereditas, 34: 113-134.
Nygren, A. 1951. Form and biotype formation in Calamagrostis purpurea. Hereditas, 37: 519-532.
O'Brien, S. J., Menotti-Raymond, M., Murphy, W. J., Yuhki, N. 2002. The feline genome project. Ann. Rev. Genet., 36: 657-686.
O'Foighil, D., Hilbish, T. J., Showman, R. M. 1996. Mitochondrial gene variation in Mercenaria clam sibling species reveals a relict secondary contact zone in the western Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Biol,, 126: 675-683.
Obst, F. J., Richter, K., Jacob, U. 1988. The completely illustrated atlas of reptiles and amphibians for the terrarium. Neptune City, New Jersey: T. F. H. Publications.
Ohno, S. 1970. Evolution by gene duplication. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Ohno, S. 1974. Animal cytogenetics, vol. 4. Chordata, No. 1. Protochordata, Cyclostomata, and Pisces. Berlin: Borntraeger.
Ohno, S., Muramoto, J., Stnius, C., Christian, L., Kittrell, W. A. 1969. Microchromosomes in holocephalian, chondrostean and holostean fishes. Chromosoma, 26: 35-40.
Ojima, Y., Nakanishi, Y., Takay, A. 1986. Chromosomal studies of cultured cells from the hybrids between Huso huso and Acipenser ruthenus. Proc. Japan Acad., 62B: 87-90.
Olby, R. C., 1997. Mendel, Mendelism and Genetics. www.netspace.org/MendelWeb.
Oliveira, C., Almeida-Toledo, L. F., Mori, L., Toledo-Filho, S. A. 1992. Extensive chromosomal rearrangements and nuclear DNA content changes in the evolution of the armoured catfishes genus Corydoras. J. Fish Biol., 40: 419-431.
Oliveira, C., Almeida-Toledo, L. F., Mori, L., Toledo-Filho, S. A. 1993. Cytogenetic and DNA content studies of armoured catfishes of the genus Corydoras (Pisces, Siluriformes, Callichthyidae) from the southeast coast of Brazil. Rev. Bras, Genet., 16: 617-629.
Olmo, E., Stingo, V., Cobror, O., Capriglione, T., Odierna, G. 1982. Repetitive DNA and polyploidy in selachians. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73B: 739-745.
Olsen, M. W. 1957. The sex of parthenogenetic turkey embryos. J. Hered., 48: 217-218.
Olsen, M. W. 1965. Twelve year summary of selection for parthenogenesis in Beltsville Small White turkeys. Brit. Poult. Sci., 6: 1-6.
Olsen, M. W. 1972. Further studies on hybridization of chickens and turkeys. J. Hered., 63: 264-266.
Orr, H. A. 1990. "Why polyploidy is rarer in animals than in plants" revisited. Am. Nat., 136: 759-770.
Osborn, H. F. 1894. From the Greeks to Darwin: An outline of the development of the evolution idea. New York, London, Macmillan and Co.
Osborn, H. F. 1895. The hereditary mechanism and the search for the unknown factors of evolution. Am. Nat., 29: 418-439.
Osborn, T. C., Pires, J. C., Birchler, J. A., Auger, D. L., Chen, Z. J., Lee, H. S., Comai, L., Madlung, A., Doerge, R. W., Colot, V., Martienssen, R. A. 2003. Understanding mechanisms of novel gene expression in polyploids. Trends Genet., 19: 141-147.
Osinov, A. G. 1993. Countercurrent dispersal, secondary contact, and speciation in lenoks of the genus Brachymystax (Salmonidae: Salmoniformes). Genetika, 29: 654-669.
Ospovat, D. 1976. The influence of Karl Ernst von Baer's embryology, 1828-1859: A reappraisal in light of Richard Owen and William B. Carpenter's paleontological application of von Baer's Law. J. Hist. Biol., 9: 1-28.
Ospovat, D. 1981. The development of Darwin's theory: Natural history, natural theology, and natural selection, 1838-59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ostenfeld, C. H. 1929. Genetic studies in Polemonium. II. Experiments with the crosses of P. mexicanum Cerv. and P. pauciflorum Wats. Hereditas, 12: 33-40.
Otto, S. P., Whitton, J. 2000. Polyploidy: Incidence and evolution. Ann. Rev. Genet., 34: 401-437.
Owen, R. 1847. Notices of some fossil mammalia of South America. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Notices and Abstracts. (Southhampton, 1846).
Owen, R. 1858. Address [delivered before the twenty-eighth annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Leeds]. London.
Owen, R. 1860. Darwin on the origin of species. Edinburgh Review, 3: 487-532.
Owen, R. 1866-1868. On the anatomy of vertebrates. London: Longmans, Green.
Page, D. L. 1941. Euripides: Cretans. In: Select Papyri, vol. III: Literary Papyri, (ed. and tr.) D. L. Page., pp. 70-75. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Pala, I., Coelho, M. M. 2005. Contrasting views over a hybrid complex: Between speciation and evolutionary "dead-end". Gene (Amsterdam), 347: 283-294.
Pala, M., Casu, S., Lepori, N. G. 1982. Stabilized natural interspecific hybrid population of Dugesia gonocephala s. l. (Turbellaria, Trichladida). Caryologia, 35: 247-256.
Pala, M., Lissia-Frau, A. M. 1966. [Investigations on the sterility of hybrids between the Japanese Quail (Coturnix c. japonica) and the European Quail (Coturnix c. coturnix)]. R. ital. Orn., 36: 4-9.
Pala, M., Lissia-Frau, A. M. 1967. [Data on spermiogenesis in male F2 hybrids produced by backcrossing F1 hybrid females (Coturnix c. japonica ♂ × Coturnix c. coturnix ♂) to the Coturnix c. coturnix male]. Boll. Zool., 34: 153-154.
Paladino, F. V., O'Connor, M. P., Spotila, J. R. 1990. Metabolism of leatherback turtles, gigantothermy, and thermoregulation of dinosaurs. Nature, 344: 858-860.
Pamilo, P. 1987. Heterozygosity in apomictic organisms. Hereditas, 107: 95-101.
Panchen, A. L. 1992. Classification, evolution, and the nature of biology. London: Cambridge University Press.
Pandian, T. J., Koteeswaran, R. 1998. Ploidy induction and sex control in fish. Hydrobiologia, 384: 167-243.
Paré, A. 1982. On monsters and marvels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Parham, J. F., Shi, H. 2001. The discovery of Mauremys iversoni-like turtles at a turtle farm in Hainan Province, China: The counterfeit golden coin. Asiatic Herpetological Research, 9: 71-76.
Parkes, J. C. 1951. The genetics of the Golden-winged × Blue-winged warbler complex. Wilson Bull., 63: 5-15.
Parmenter, C. L. 1933. Haploid, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid chromosome numbers and their origin in parthenogenetically developed larvae and frogs of Rana pipiens and Rana palustris. J. Exp. Zool., 66: 409-453.
Paterson, A. H. 2005. Ancient duplication of cereal genomes. New Phytologist, 165: 658-661.
Paterson, A. H., Bowers, J. E., Chapman, B. A. 2004. Ancient polyploidization predating divergence of the cereals, and its consequences for comparative genomics. PNAS, 101: 9903-9908.
Paterson, H. E. H. 1985. The recognition concept of species. In: Species and speciation, ed. E. S. Vrba, pp. 21-30. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.
Patrikeev, M., Eitniear, J. C., Werner, S. M., Palmer, P. C. 2008. Interactions and hybridization between Altamira and Audubon's orioles in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Birding, 40: 42-46.
Payne, R. B., Payne, L. L., Woods, J. L., Sorenson, M. D. 2000. Imprinting and the origin of parasite-host species associations in broodparasitic indigobirds, Vidua chalybeata. Anim. Behav., 59: 69-81.
Pazza, R., Kavalco, K. F., Bertollo, L. A. C. 2006. Chromosome polymorphism in Astyanax fasciatus (Teleostei, Characidae). 1. Karyotype analysis, Ag-NORs and mapping of the 18S and 5S ribosomal genes in sympatric karyotypes and their possible hybrid forms. Cytogen. Gen. Res., 112: 313-319.
Pearl, R. 1915. Seventeen years selection of a character showing sex-linked Mendelian inheritance. Am. Nat., 49: 595-608.
Pearl, R. 1916. Fecundity in the domestic fowl and the selection problem. Am. Nat., 50: 89-105.
Pearse, V., Pearse, J., Buchsbaum, M., Buchsbaum, R. 1987. Living invertebrates. Pacific Grove: Blackwell.
Peebles, R. H. 1936. A natural hybrid in the genus Opuntia. Cact. Succ. J., 7: 99--101.
Pellegrini, R. 2007. Skeletochronology of the limb elements of mosasaurs (Squamata; Mosasauridae). Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 110: 83-99.
Pellew, C., Durham, F. M. 1916. The genetic behavior of the hybrid Primula kewensis, and of its allies. J. Genet., 5: 159-182.
Pembleton, E. F., Baker, R. J. 1978. Studies of a contact zone between chromosomally characterized populations of Geomys bursarius. J. Mammal., 59: 233-242.
Pennisi, E. 1998. Genome data shakes tree of life. Science, 280: 672-674.
Peres, C. A., Patton, J. L., da Silva, M. N. F. 1996. Riverine barriers and gene flow in the Amazonian saddle-back tamarins. Folia Primat., 67: 113-124.
Perrins, C. M., Middleton, A. L. A. 1998. Encyclopedia of birds. New York: Facts on File.
Perry, W. L., Feder, J. L., Dwyer, G., Lodge, D. M. 2001. Hybrid zone dynamics and species replacement between Orconectes crayfishes in a northern Wisconsin lake. Evolution, 55: 1153-1166.
Petitjean, M. J. 1969. [Some applications of artificial insemination in poultry breeding. Trials on interspecific hybridisation; cock × Guineafowl and Guinea-fowl male × hen]. Revue de l'Élevage, Bétail et Basse-cour, 24: 123-131.
Pfeiffer, P. 1963. Bivouacs à Borneo. Paris: Flammarion.
Pfenninger, M., Reinhardt, F., Streit, B. 2002. Evidence for cryptic hybridisation between different evolutionary lineages of invasive clam genus Corbicula (Veneroida, Bivalvia). J. Evol. Biol., 15: 818-829.
Phanchung, Dorji, P., Thubten, S., Pelden, K. 2001. Sustainable development of small holder dairy farming in Bhutan. Katmandu: ICIMOD.
Phillips, R., Ráb, P. 2001. Chromosome evolution in the Salmonidae (Pisces): An update. Biol. Rev., 76: 1-25.
Piálek, J., Hauffe, H. C., Rodríguez-Clark, K. M., Searle, J. B. 2001. Raciation and speciation in house mice from the Alps: The role of chromosomes. Mol. Ecol., 10: 613-625.
Pichot, C., El Maátaoui, M., Raddi, S., Raddi, P. 2001. Surrogate mother for endangered Cupressus. Nature, 412: 39.
Pichot, C., Fady, B., Hochu, I. 2000. Lack of mother tree alleles in zymograms of Cupressus dupreziana A. Camus embryos. Ann. For. Sci., 57: 17-22.
Pickering, D. E. 1968. Reproduction characteristics in a colony of laboratory confined mulatta macaque monkeys. Folia Primat., 8: 169-179.
Pierotti, R., Annett, C. A. 1993. Hybridization and male parental investment in birds. Condor, 95: 670-679.
Pinkava, D. J., Baker, M. A., Parfitt, B. D., Mohlenbrock, M. W., Worthington, R. D. 1985. Chromosome numbers in some cacti of western North America. V. Syst. Bot., 10: 471-483.
Pinter, A. J. 1971. Hybridization between two species of grasshopper mice (Onychomys) in the laboratory. J. Mammal., 52: 573-582.
Piperno, D. R., Sues, H.-D. 2005. Dinosaurs Dined on Grass. Science, 310, 1126 - 1128.
Pisanetz, Y. M. 1978. New polyploid species of Bufo danatensi Pisanetz sp. nov., from the Turkmen SSR. Dop. Akad. Nauk Ukrayins'koyi RSR, B, 1978: 277-282.
Poddubnaya-Arnol'di, V. A. 1962. Embryology of the hybrids of some angiosperm plants. In: Wide hybridization in plants, ed. N. V. Tsitsin, pp. 124-133. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
Politis, G. G., Gutierrez, M. A. 1998. Gliptodontes y cazadores-recolectores de la region Pampeana (Argentina). Latin American Antiquity, 9: 111-134
Polyakov, A. V., Onischenko, S. S., Ilyashenko, V. B., Searle, J. B., Borodin, P. M. 2002. Morphometric difference between the Novosibirsk and Tomsk chromosome races of Sorex araneus in a zone of parapatry. Acta Theriol., 47: 381-387.
Polyakov, A. V., Volobouev, V. T., Aniskin, V. M., Zima, J., Searle, J. B., Borodin, P. M. 2003. Altitudinal partitioning of two chromosome races of the Common Shrew (Sorex araneus) in west Siberia. Mammalia, 67: 201-207.
Ponce de León, M. S., Golovanova, L., Doronichev, V., Romanova, G., Akazawa, T., Kondo , O., Ishida, H., Zollikofer, C. P. 2008. Neanderthal brain size at birth provides insights into the evolution of human life history. PNAS, 105: 13764-13768.
Poorman, P. A. 1982. Banded chromosomes of Galago crassicaudatus monteiri, G. c. garnetti, and a subspecific hybrid. Cytogen. Cell Gen., 34: 296-304.
Potts, D. T. 2004. Camel hybridization and the role of Camelus bactrianus in the ancient Near East. J. Econ. Soc. Hist. Orient, 47: 143-165.
Poulton, E. B. 1903. What is a species? Proc. Ent. Soc. London, pp. lxxvi-cxvi.
Poulton, E. B. 1908. Essays on evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Powell, J. R. 1997. Progress and prospects in evolutionary biology: The Drosophila model. New York: Oxford University Press.
Prager, E. M., Fowler, D. P., Wilson, A. C. 1976. Rates of evolution in conifers (Pinaceae). Evolution, 30: 323-346.
Provine, W. B. 1971. The origins of theoretical population genetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Provine, W. B. 1986. Sewall Wright and evolutionary biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Qiang Ji, Zhe-Xi Luo, Chong-Xi Yuan, Tabrum, A. R. 2006. A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals. Science, 311: 1123-1127.
Qumsiyeh, M. B., Owen, R. D., Chesser, R. K. 1988. Differential rates of genic and chromosomal evolution in bats of the family Rhinolophidae. Genome, 30: 326-335.
Rabe, E. J., Haufler, C. H. 1992. Incipient polyploid speciation in the maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum; Adiantaceae)? Am. J. Bot., 79: 701-707.
Rabinowitz, P. D., Coffin, M. F., Falvey, D. 1983. The separation of Africa and Madagascar. Science, 220: 67-69.
Radjabli, S. I., Panov, E. N., Bulatova, N. S. 1970. [Comparative studies of the karyotypes of two closely related species of buntings (Emberiza citrinella L. and E. leucocephalos Gm.) hybridised in areas of overlap]. Zool. Zh., 49: 1857-1862.
Rádl, E. 1905-1909. Geschichte der biologischen Theorien seit dem Ende des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts. Leipzig: W. Engelman.
Rafinesque, C. S. 1821. Considérations sur quelques animaux hybrides. J. univ. Sci. méd.,22: 111-116.
Rahman, M A., Uehara, T. 2004. Interspecific hybridization and backcrosses between two sibling species of Pacific sea urchins (genus Echinometra) on Okinawan intertidal reefs. Zoological Studies, 43: 93-111.
Ramsey, E. M. 1982. The placenta: Human and animal. New York: Praeger.
Ramsey, J., Schemske, D. W. 1998. Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 29: 467-501.
Rand, D. M., Harrison, R. G. 1989. Ecological genetics of a mosaic hybrid zone: Mitochondrial, nuclear and reproductive differentiation of crickets by soil type. Evolution, 43: 432-449.
Randler, C. 1998. Hybrid waterfowl in western central Europe. British Birds, 91: 573-574.
Randler, C. 2001. Identification of female Ferruginous Duck hybrids. British Birds, 94: 538-540.
Randler, C. 2004. Frequency of bird hybrids: Does detectability make all the difference? J. Orn., 145: 123-128.
Randolph, L. F. 1932. Some effects of high temperature on polyploidy and other variations in maize. PNAS, 18: 222-229.
Randolph, L. F. 1936. Developmental morphology of the caryopsis in maize. J. Agric. Res., 53: 881-916.
Randolph, L. F. 1966. Iris nelsonii, a new species of Louisiana iris of hybrid origin. Baileya, 14: 143-169.
Rao, S. J., Whittaker, T. 1996. Problems in hand-rearing a single bush dog. Int. Zoo News, 43: 222-227.
Rasmussen, P. C., Collar, N. J. 1999a. Der Rothschilds Edelsittich ist ein Hybride. Papageien, 5: 171-173.
Rasmussen, P. C., Collar, N. J. 1999b. On the hybrid status of Rothschild's Parakeet Psittacula intermedia (Aves, Psittacidae). Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. (Zoology). 65: 31-50.
Rasmussen, P. C., Collar, N. J. 1999c. Little known Oriental non-bird: Intermediate Parakeet Psittacula intermedia. Bulletin (Oriental Bird Club), 29: 36-41.
Ratkiewicz, M., Banaszek, A., Jadwiszczak, K., Chętnicki, W., Fedyk, S. 2003. Genetic diversity, stability of population structure and barriers to gene flow in a hybrid zone between two Sorex araneus chromosome races. Mammalia, 67: 275-283.
Ratkiewicz, M., Supruniuk, J., Fedyk, S., Banaszek, A., Chętnicki, W., Szalaj, K. A. 2000. Genetic differentiation and gene flow between the Drnholec and Legucki Mlyn chromosome races of the Common Shrew Sorex araneus in northern Poland. Acta Theriol., 45(Suppl.): 79-91.
Raven, P. H., Raven, T. E. 1976. The genus Epilobium in Australia. New Zealand Dept. Sci. Ind. Res., Bull., no. 216.
Ray, J. 1693. Joannis Raii, Societatis Regiæ Socii, Historia Plantarum generalis ... London: Samuelis Smith & Benjamini Walford.
Redi, C. A., Garagna, S., Pellicciari, C., Manfredi Romanini, M. G., Capanna, E., Winking, H., Gropp, A. 1984. Spermatozoa of chromosomally heterozygous mice and their fate in male and female genital tracts. Gamete Res., 9: 273-286.
Reeder, T. W., Cole, C. J., Dessauer, H. C. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of whiptail lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae): A test of monophyly, reevaluation of karyotypic evolution, and review of hybrid origins. Am. Mus. Nov., no. 3365.
Reguero, M. A., Dozo, M. T., Cerdeño, E. 2007. A poorly known rodentlike mammal (Pachyrukhinae, Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Deseadan (Late Oligocene) of Argentina. Paleoecology, biogeography, and radiation of the rodentlike ungulates in South America. J. Paleont., 81: 1301-1307.
Reichenbach, H. 1984. Myxobacteria: A most peculiar group of social prokaryotes. In: Myxobacteria: Development and cell interactions, ed. E. Rosenberg., pp. 1-50. Springer-Verlag: New York.
Reif, W.-E. 2004. The search for a macroevolutionary theory in German paleontology. J. Hist. Biol., 19: 79-130.
Reig, O. A., Kiblisky, P. 1969. Chromosome multiformity in the genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Octodontidae), a progress report. Chromosoma, 28: 211-244.
Reik, W., Walter, J. 1998. Imprinting mechanisms in mammals. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 8: 154-164.
Reinikka, M. A. 1995. A history of the orchid. Portland: Timber Press.
Remington, C. L. 1968. Suture-zones of hybrid interaction between recently joined biotas. Evolutionary Biology, 2: 321-428.
Renner, O. 1942. Europäische Wildarten von Oenothera. Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 60: 448-466.
Reuther, W., Batchelor, L. D., Webber, H. J. eds. 1968. The citrus industry. vol. I. 2nd. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rhoades, M. M. 1956. Genetic control of chromosome behaviour. Maize Genet. Coop. News Letter, 30: 38-42.
Rhymer, J. M., Simberloff, D. S. 1996. Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 27: 83-109.
Ribeiro, J., Torres, R. A., Adam, M. L., Cornelio, D. A. 2003. Cytotaxonomic diagnoses of two Neotropical swift species: Streptoprocne biscutata and Streptoprocne zonaris. Zootaxa, 224: 1-7.
Richards, A. J. 1973. The origin of the Taraxacum agamospecies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 66: 189-211.
Richards, A. J. 1975. Sorbus. In: Hybridization in the British Isles, ed. C. A. Stace, pp. 233-238. London: Chapman and Hall.
Richards, A. J. 1997. Plant breeding systems. London: Academic Press.
Richards, C. M. 1977. The occurrences of diploid ova in Rana pipiens. J. Hered., 68: 307-312.
Richardson, H. D. 1847. Pigs. Dublin: McGlashan.
Richardson, M. M. 1936. Structural hybridity in Lilium martagon album × L. hansonii. J. Genet., 32: 411-450.
Rickaby, J. (translator). 1905. Of God and his creatures An annotated translation (with some abridgement) of the Svmma contra gentiles of Saint Thos. Aqvinas. London: Burns & Oates.
Rieseberg, L. 2001. Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16: 351-358. Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol., 16: 351-358
Rieseberg, L. H. 1991. Homoploid reticulate evolution in Helianthus (Asteraceae): Evidence from ribosomal genes. Am. J. Bot., 78: 1218-1237.
Rieseberg, L. H. 1997. Hybrid origins of plant species. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 28: 359-389.
Rieseberg, L. H., Beckstrom-Sternberg, M., Liston, A., Arias, D. M. 1991. Phylogenetic and systematic inferences from chloroplast DNA and isozyme variation in Helianthus sect. Helianthus (Asteraceae). Syst. Bot., 16: 50-76.
Rieseberg, L. H., Carter, R., Zona, S. 1990. Molecular tests of the hypothesized hybrid origin of two diploid Helianthus species (Asteraceae). Evolution, 44(6): 1498-1511.
Rieseberg, L. H., Choi, H., Chan, R., Spore, C. 1993. Genomic map of a diploid hybrid species. Heredity, 70: 285-293.
Rieseberg, L. H., Sinervo, B., Linder, C. R., Ungerer, M. C., Arias, D. M. 1996. Role of gene interactions in hybrid speciation: Evidence from ancient and experimental hybrids. Science, 272: 741-745.
Rieseberg, L. H., Soltis, D. E. 1991. Phylogenetic consequences of cytoplasmic gene flow in plants. Evol. Trends Plants, 5: 65-84.
Rieseberg, L. H., van Fossen, C., Desrochers, A. M. 1995. Hybrid speciation accompanied by genomic reorganization in wild sunflowers. Nature, 375: 313-316.
Rieseberg, L. H., Wendel, J. F. 1993. Introgression and its consequences in plants. In: Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process, ed. R. G. Harrison, pp. 70-109. New York: Oxford University Press.
Riggs, E. S. 1934. A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predacious marsupials. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., N.S., 24: 1-32.
Riggs, E. S., Patterson, B. 1935. Description of some notoungulates from the Casamayor ("Notostylops") beds of Patagonia. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 75: 163-215.
Riley, H. P. 1938. A character analysis of colonies of Iris fulva, Iris hexagona var. giganticaerulea and natural hybrids. Am. J. Bot., 25:727-738.
Riley, H. P. 1939. Pollen fertility in Iris and its bearing on the hybrid origin of some of Small's 'species.' J. Heredity, 30: 481-483.
Ripley, S. D. 1977. Rails of the world. Boston: Godine.
Robinson, T. J., Elder, F. F. B., Chapman, J. A. 1983. Evolution of chromosomal variation in cottontails, genus Sylvilagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha): S. aquaticus, S. floridanus, and S. transitionalis. Cytogen. Cell Genet., 35:216-222.
Robinson, T. J., Elder, F. F. B., Lopez-Forment, W. 1981. Banding studies in the volcano rabbit, Romerolagus diazi and Crawshay's hare, Lepus crawshayi. Evidence of the leporid ancestral karyotype. Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 23:469-474.
Robinson, T. J., F. F. B. Elder, and J. A. Chapman. 1984. Evolution of chromosomal variation in cottontails, genus Sylvilagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha). II. Sylvilagus audubonii, S. idahoensis, S. nuttallii and S. palustris. Cytogen. Cell Genet., 38:282-289.
Robinson, T. J., Skinner, J. D. 1983. Karyology of the riverine rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis, and its taxonomic implications. J. Mammal., 64:678-681.
Robson, G. C., Richards, O. W. 1936. The variation of animals in nature. London: Longmans.
Rockwell, F. F., Grayson, E. C., de Graaff, J. 1961. The complete book of lilies. Garden City: Double Day & Co.
Rodionov V. A. 2001. Anatomy of the supracranial air cavities in the Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Cetacea) as related to problems of mathematical modeling. Dokl. Biol; Sci., 381: 547-550
Rohwer, S., Bermingham, E., Wood, C. 2001. Plumage and mitochondrial DNA haplotype variation across a moving hybrid zone. Evolution, 55: 405-422.
Rollins, R. C. 1944. Evidence for natural hybridity between guayule (Pathenium argentatum) and mariola (Parthenium incanum). Am. J. Bot., 31: 93-99.
Romer, A. S. 1966. Vertebrate paleontology. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rose, K. D., Bown, T. M., Simons, E. L. 1977. An unusual new mammal from the early Eocene of Wyoming. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Postilla, no. 172. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Rosenberg, O. 1917. Die Reduktionsteilung und ihre Degeneration in Hieracium. Svensk bot. tidsk., 11: 145-206.
Roslik, G. V., Kryukov, A. P. 2001. A karyological study of some corvine birds (Corvidae, Aves). Genetika, 37: 962-973.
Ross, H. H. 1958. Evidence suggesting a hybrid origin for certain leafhopper species. Evolution, 12: 337-346.
Ross, M. R. 1973. A chromosome study of five species of etheostomine fishes (Percidae). Copeia, 1973: 163-165.
Rossi, A. R., Gornung, E. S. L., Nirchio, M. 2005. Comparative molecular cytogenetic analysis of two congeneric species, Mugil curema and M. liza (Pisces, Mugiliformes), characterized by significant karyotype diversity. Genetica (Dordrecht). 125: 27-32.
Roszkowski, I., Sroka, L. 1962. The effect of the male factor on abnormal pregnancy. Gynaecologia, 154: 321-333.
Rothschild, B. M., Martin, L. D. 1988. Avascular necrosis: Occurrence in diving Cretaceous mosasaurs. Science, 236: 75-77.
Rothschild, B. M., Martin, L. D. 2005. Mosasaur ascending: The phylogeny of bends. Netherlands J. Geosci., 84: 341 - 344.
Rousch, W. 1996. Sperm protein makes its mark upon the worm embryo. Science, 271: 33.
Rousseau, J.-J. 1928. Émile: or, Education. (tr.) B. Foxley. New York: Dutton.
Rowley, J., Chapman, G. 1986. Cross-fostering, imprinting and learning in two sympatric species of cockatoo. Behaviour, 96: 1-16.
Roy, M. S., Geffen, E., Smith, D., Ostrander, E. A., Wayne, R. K. 1994a. Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci. Mol. Biol. Evol., 11: 553-570.
Roy, M. S., Girman, D. J., Taylor, A. C., Wayne, R. K. 1994b. The use of museum specimens to reconstruct the genetic variability and relationship of extinct populations. Experientia, 50: 551-557.
Rubio, M. 2000. Scorpions: A complete pet owner's manual. Barron's Educational Series
Rudd, R. L. 1955. Population variation in some California shrews. Syst. Zool., 4: 21-34.
Rudwick, M. J. S. 1997. Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
Rugh, R., Marshland, D. A. 1943. The effect of hydrostatic pressure upon the early development of the frog's egg (Rana pipiens). I. Macroscopic observations. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 86: 459-466.
Rumjancev, B. F., Butarin, N. S., Denisov, V. F. 1935. [Experimental Hybridization of fat-rumped sheep and Tian-Shan wild sheep]. Trud. Kirgiz. kompl. Eksp., 4: 15-58. [Animal Breeding Abstracts, 1936, p. 192].
Rumpler, Y., Albignac, R. 1975. Intraspecific chromosome variability in a lemur from the north of Madagascar: Lepilemur septentrionalis, species nova. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 42: 425-429.
Russell, E. S. 1982. Form and function: A contribution to the history of animal morphology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ruvinsky, A., Graves, J. A. M. 2005. Mammalian genomics. Wallingford: Cambridge.
Ruvolo, M., Disotell, T. D., Allard, M. W., Brown, W. M., Honeycutt, R. L. 1991. Resolution of the African hominid trichotomy by use of a mitochondrial gene sequence. PNAS, 88: 1570-1574.
Ryder, O. A., Chemnick, L. G., Bowling, A. T., Benirschke, K. 1985. Male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and jack donkey. J. Hered., 76: 379-381.
Sageret, A. 1826. Mémoire sur les cucurbitacées, principalement sur le melon, etc. Paris: Madame Huzard.
Salas, R., Sanchez, J., Chacaltana, C. 2006. A new pre-Deseadan pyrothere (Mammalia) from northern Peru and the wear facets of molariform teeth of Pyrotheria. J. Vert. Paleont. 26: 760-769.
Salazar, C. A., Jiggins, C. D., Arias, C. F., Tobler, A., Bermingham, E., Linares, M. 2005. Hybrid incompatibility is consistent with a hybrid origin of Heliconius heurippa Hewitson from its close relatives, Heliconius cydno Doubleday and Heliconius melpomene Linnaeus. J. Evol. Biol., 18: 247-256.
Salzburger, W., Baric, S., Sturmbauer, C. 2002. Speciation via introgressive hybridization in East African cichlids? Mol. Ecol., 11: 619-625.
Sander, D. F. 1947. Sanders' complete list of orchid hybrids: Containing the names and parentages of all the known hybrid orchids whether introduced or artifically raised to January 1st, 1946, arranged in tabular alphabetical form. St. Albans: Published by the author.
Sander, D. F., Wreford, W. J. 1961. David Sander's one-table list of orchid hybrids: containing the names and parentage of all registered orchid hybrids from 1st. Jan. 1946 to Dec. 31st 1960. Selsfield: David Sander's Orchids.
Sanders, O. 1961. Indications for the hybrid origin of Bufo terrestris Bonnaterre. Herpetologica, 17: 145-156. .
Sandnes, G. C. 1957. Fertility and viability in intergeneric pheasant hybrids. Evolution, 11: 426-444.
Sang, T., Crawford, D. J., Stuessy, T. F. 1995. Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (Paeonia) using internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: Implications for biogeography and concerted evolution. PNAS, 92: 6813-6817.
Sang, T., Crawford, D. J., Stuessy, T. F., Sang, T. 1997. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reticulate evolution, and biogeography of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae). Am. J. Bot., 84: 1120-1136.
Sarvella, P. 1973. Possibilities for fertility in chicken-pheasant hybrids. Genetics, 74: 239.
Sauer, J. 1957. Recent migration and the evolution of the dioecious amaranths. Evolution, 11: 11-31.
Sautuola, M.S., de 1880. Breves apuntes sobre algunos objetos prehistóricos de la provincia de Santander. Santander: self-published
Savage, D. E., Russell, D. E. 1983. Mammalian paleofaunas of the world. London: Addison-Wesley.
Sawatzki, H. K., Cooper, D. N. 2007. Understanding the recent evolution of the human genome: Insights from human-chimpanzee genome comparisons. Hum. Mut., 28: 99-130.
Sax, K. 1929. Chromosome behavior in Sorbopyrus and Sorbaroina. PNAS, 15: 844-845.
Scali, V., Passamonti, M., Marescalchi, O., Mantovani, B. 2003. Linkage between sexual and asexual lineages: Genome evolution in Bacillus stick insects. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 79: 137-150.
Schaafhausen, H. 1857. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preußischen Rheinlande und Westphalens, 14, Corr. Bl., 50-52.
Schaafhausen, H. 1888. Der Neanderthaler Fund Bonn: Marcus.
Schartl, M., Wilde, B., Schlupp, I., Parzefall, J. 1995. Evolutionary origin of a parthenoform, the Amazon Molly Poecilia formosa, on the basis of a molecular genealogy. Evolution, 49: 827-835.
Schelly, R., Salzburger, W., Koblmüller, S., Duftner, N., Sturmbauer, C. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of the lamprologine cichlid genus Lepidiolamprologus (Teleostei: Perciformes) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences, suggesting introgressive hybridization. Mol. Phylog. Evol., 38: 426-438.
Schemske, D. W. 2000. Understanding the origin of species. Evolution, 54: 1069-1073.
Schiede, C. J. G. 1825. De plantis hybridis sponte natis. Cassellis Cattorum.
Schifferli, L., Schifferli, A. 1980. Die Verbreitung des Haussperlings, Passer domesticus und des Italiensperlings, Passer domesticus italiae im Tessin und im Misox. Ornithol. Beob., 77: 21-26.
Schindewolf, O. H. 1936. Palaeontologie, Entwicklungslehre und Genetik. Berlin: Bornträger.
Schindewolf, O. H. 1993. Basic questions in paleontology: Geologic time, organic evolution, and biological systematics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Schluter, D. 1998. Ecological causes of speciation. In: Endless Forms, eds. D. J. Howard, S. H. Berlocher, pp. 114-129. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schmitz, R.W., Serre, D., Bonani, G., Feine, S., Hillgruber, F., Krainitzki, H., Pääbo, S., Smith, F.H., 2002. The Neandertal type site revisited: Interdisciplinary investigations of skeletal remains from the Neander Valley, Germany. PNAS, 99: 13342-13347.
Schmutz, S. M., Oliphant, L. W. 1987. Chromosome study of Peregrine, Prairie, and Gyr falcons with implications for hybrids. J. Hered., 78: 388-390.
Schöll, R. W. 1960. Die Sperlingsbesiedelung des Pustertales/Südtirol und seiner nördlichen Seitentäler. Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 5: 591-596.
Schötensack, O. 1908. Der Unterkiefer des H. heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
Schuchmann, K. L. 1999. Family Trochilidae (hummingbirds). In: Handbook of the birds of the world, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 468-680. Barcelona: Lynx.
Schultz, A. H., 1965. The cranial capacity and the orbital volume of hominoids according to age and sex. In: Caso, A., et al., Homenaje a Juan Comas en su 65 Aniversario, Vol. 2. Editorial Libros de México, Mexico City, pp. 337-357.
Schultz, R. J. 1969. Hybridization, unisexuality, and polyploidy in the teleost Poeciliopsis (Poeciliidae) and other vertebrates. Am. Nat., 103: 605-619.
Schultz, R. J. 1971. Special adaptive problems associated with unisexual fishes: Am. Zool., 11: 351-360.
Schultz, R. J. 1973. Unisexual fish: Laboratory synthesis of a "species." Science, 179: 180-181.
Schultz, R. J. 1977. Evolution and ecology of unisexual fishes. Evol. Biol., 10: 277-331.
Schultz, R. J. 1980. Role of polyploidy in the evolution of fishes. In: Polyploidy: Biological relevance, ed. W. H. Lewis, pp. 313-340. New York: Plenum Press.
Schultz, R. J. 1989. Origin and relationships of unisexual poeciliids. In: Evolution of live-bearing fishes (Poeciliidae), eds. G. K. Meffe, F. F. Snelson, pp. 68-87. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Schusterman, R. J., Hanggi, E. B., Gisiner, R. 1992. Acoustic signalling in mother-pup reunions, interspecies bonding, and affiliation by kinship in California Sea lions (Zalophus californianus). In: Marine mammal sensory systems, eds. J. A. Thomas, R. A., Kastelein, A. Y. Supin, pp. 533-551. New York: Plenum Press.
Schwartz, F. J. 1972. World literature to fish hybrids with an analysis by family, species, and hybrid. Ocean Springs: Gulf Coast Research Laboratory.
Schwartz, F. J., Madock, M. B. 1986. Comparisons of karyotypes and cellular DNA contents within and between major lines of elasmobranchs. In: Indo-Pacific Fish Biology, eds. T. Uyeno, R. Arai, T. Niuchi, K. Matsuura, pp. 140-147. Tokyo: Ichthyological Society of Japan.
Schwarz, D., Matta B. M., Shakir-Botteri, N. L., McPheron, B. A. 2005. Host shift to an invasive plant triggers rapid animal hybrid speciation. Nature, 436: 546-549.
Schwenk, K., Spaak, P. 1995. Evolutionary and ecological consequences of interspecific hybridization in cladocerans. Experientia, 51: 465-481.
Scott, W. B. 1903. The Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. V, Palaeontology, Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds, Part i, Edentata. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Scott, W. B. 1962. A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere. 2nd ed. New York: Hafner.
Scriber, J. M., Ording, G. J. 2005. Ecological speciation without host plant specialization; Possible origins of a recently described cryptic Papilio species. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 115: 247-263.
Searle, J. B. 1984. Three new karyotypic races of the common shrew Sorex araneus (Mammalia, Insectivora) and a new phylogeny. Syst. Zool., 33: 184-194.
Searle, J. B. 1988. Selection and Robertsonian variation in nature: The case of the Common Shrew. In: The cytogenetics of mammalian autosomal rearrangements, ed. A. Daniel, pp. 507-531. New York: Alan R. Liss.
Searle, J. B. 1991. A hybrid zone comprising staggered chromosomal clines in the House Mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, 246: 47-52.
Searle, J. B. 1993. Chromosomal hybrid zones in eutherian mammals. In: Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process, ed. R. G. Harrison, pp. 309-345.
Seavey, S. R. 1992. Experimental hybridization and chromosome homologies in Boisduvalia Sect. Boisduvalia (Onagraceae). Syst. Bot., 17: 84-90.
Sedgwick, A. 1831. Presidential address to the Geological Society. Proc. Geol. Soc. London, 1: 281-332.
Sedgwick, A. 1860. Objections to Mr. Darwin's theory of the origin of species. The Spectator, March 24th, pp. 285-286.
Seehausen, O. 2004. Hybridization and adaptive radiation. Trends Ecol. Evol., 19: 198-207
Seeley, H. G. 1870. The ornithosauria: An elementary study of the bones of pterodactyls. Cambridge.
Selander, R. K., Kaufman, D. W., Baker, R. J., Williams, S. L. 1974. Genic and chromosomal differentiation in pocket gophers of the Geomys bursarius group. Evolution, 28: 557-564.
Semaw S., Renne P., Harris J.W.K., Feibel C.S., Bernor R.L., et al. 1997. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature, 385: 333-336.
Semaw S. 2000. The world's oldest stone artefacts [sic] from Gona, Ethiopia: Their implications for understanding stone technology and patterns of human evolution between 2.6-1.5 million years ago. Journal of Archaeological Science, 27: 1197-1214.
Senut, B., Pickford, M., Gommery, D, Mein, P., Cheboi, K., Coppens, Y., 2001. First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). Comptes rendus des seances de l'academie des sciences, 332: 137-144.
Sepp, S., Paal, J. 1998. Taxonomic continuum of Alchemilla (Rosaceae) in Estonia. Nordic J. Bot., 18: 519-535.
Sessions, S. K. 1982. Cytogenetics of diploid and triploid salamanders of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex. Chromosoma, 84: 599-621.
Seto, T., Pomerat, C. M., Kezer, J. 1964. The chromosomes of Necturus maculosus as revealed in cultures of leukocytes. Am. Nat., 98: 71-78.
Sharman, G. B., Close, R. L., Maynes, G. M. 1990. Chromosome evolution, phylogeny and speciation of rock wallabies (Petrogale: Macropodidae). Austral. J. Zool., 37: 351-363.
Sharov, A. G. 1971. New flying reptiles from the Mesozoic of Khazakstan and Kirghizia. Trudy, Akad. Nauk, Paleontol. Inst., 130: 104-113.
Sharp, P., Hayman, D. 1981. The distribution of SCEs within and between the genomes of an interspecific hybrid. Chromosoma, 84: 231-242.
Shaw, D. D., Wilkinson, P., Coates, D. J. 1983. Increased chromosomal mutation rate after hybridization between two subspecies of grasshoppers. Science, 220: 1165-1167.
Sheridan, R., Llerena, J., Matkins, S., Debenham, F., Cawood, A., Bobro, M. 1989. Fertility in a male with trisomy 21. J. Med. Genet., 26: 294-298.
Shields, G. D. 1982. Comparative avian cytogenetics: A review. Condor, 84: 45-58.
Shimabukuro, D. C. K., Oliveira, C., Foresti, F. 2004. Karyotype variability in eleven species of the catfish genus Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 15: 135-146.
Shoffner, R N. 1965. Current knowledge about the chromosomes in the domestic fowl. World's Poult. Sci. J., 21: 157-165.
Shoffner, R. N., Wang, N., Lee, F., King, R., Otis, J. S. 1979. Chromosome homology between the Ross's and the Emperor goose. J. Hered., 70: 395-400.
Short, L. L. 1982. Woodpeckers of the world. Greenville: Delaware Museum of Natural History.
Short, L. L., Horne, J. F. M. 2001. Toucans, barbets, and honeyguides. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Short, L. L., Robbins, C. S. 1967. An intergeneric hybrid wood warbler (Seiurus × Dendroica). Auk, 84: 534-543.
Short, L. L., Schodde, R., Horne, J. F. M. 1983. Five-way hybridization of varied sittellas Daphoenositta chrysoptera (Aves: Neosittidae). Austral. J. Zool., 31: 513-531.
Shoshani, J., Tassy, P. 1996. The proboscidea: Evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shrigley, E. W. 1938. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the morphology of spermatozoa from members of two dove species, and from their F1 and backcross hybrids. Genetics, 23: 166.
Shrigley, E. W. 1940. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the morphology of spermatozoa from Ring Doves, Pearlnecks, and their Fl and backcross hybrids. J. Exp. Zool., 83: 457-479.
Shuckard, W. E. (translator) 1848. Chamber birds: Their natural history, management, habits, food, ... London: Wm. S. Orr. and Co. [English translation of J. M. Bechstein's Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel, oder Anleitung zur Kenntniss, Wartung, ...].
Shuker, K. P. N. 2003. The beasts that hide from man: Seeking the world's last undiscovered animals. New York: Paraview Press.
Shumov, A. V., and R. A. Rubtsov. 1981. [Comparison of ejaculates of the bison and its hybrids]. Animal Breeding Abstracts, 49, No. 565.
Sibley, C. G., Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sibley, D. A. 1994. A guide to finding and identifying hybrid birds. Birding, 26: 163-177.
Sibley, D. A. 2000. The Sibley guide to birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Simmonds, N. W. ed. 1966. Bananas. London: Longmans Green.
Simmonds, N. W. ed. 1976. Evolution of crop plants. London: Longmans Group Ltd.
Simons, E. L. 1972. Primate evolution: An introduction to man's place in nature. New York: Macmillan.
Simpson, G. G. 1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.
Simpson, G. G. 1949. The meaning of evolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Simpson, G. G. 1980. Splendid isolation: The curious history of South American mammals. Yale University Press.
Singer, S. J., Nicolson, G. L. 1972. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science, 175: 720-731.
Sites, J. W., Barton, N. H., Reed, K. M. 1995. The genetic structure of a hybrid zone between two chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Sauria, Phrynosomatidae) in central Mexico. Evolution, 49: 9-36.
Sites, J. W., Davis, S. K., Hutchinson, D. W., Maurer, B. A., Lara, G. 1993. Parapatric hybridization between chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Phrynosomatidae): Structure of the Tulancingo transect. Copeia, 1993: 373-398.
Sites, J. W., Greenbaum, I. F. 1983. Chromosome evolution in the igaunid lizard Scelophorus grammicus. II. Allozyme variation. Evolution, 37: 38-53.
Sites, J. W., Moritz, C. 1987. Chromosomal evolution and speciation revisited. Syst. Zool., 36: 153-174.
Sites, J. W., Peccinini-Seale, D. M., Moritz, C., Wright, J. W., Brown, W. M. 1990. The evolutionary history of parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria, Teiidae). I. Evidence for a hybrid origin. Evolution, 44: 906-921.
Slack, A. 1979. Carnivorous plants. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Slagsvold, T., Hansen, B. T. 2001. Sexual imprinting and the origin of obligate brood parasitism in birds. Am. Nat., 158: 354-367.
Slagsvold, T., Hansen, B. T., Johannessen, L. E., Lifjeld, J. T. 2002. Mate choice and imprinting in birds studied by cross-fostering in the wild. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., B, 269: 1449-1455.
Slatkin, M. 1973. Gene flow and selection in a cline. Genetics, 75: 733-756.
Slijper, E. J. 1966. Functional morphology of the reproductive system in Cetacea. In: Whales, dolphins, and porpoises, pp. 277-319. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Slizynsky, B. M. 1964. Cytological observations on a duck hybrid: Anas clypeata × Anas penelope. Genet. Res., 5: 441-447.
Sloan, C. P. 1999. Fathers for T. rex? New birdlike fossils are missing links in dinosaur evolution. Nat. Geog.,196(5): 98-107.
Small, J. K., Alexander, E. J. 1931. Botanical interpretation of the iridaceous plants of the Gulf states. New York Botanical Garden. Contributions, no. 327.
Smith, A. G., Smith, D. G., Funnell, B. M. 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge University Press.
Smith, C. H. 1839-1840. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Edinburgh : W. H. Lizars.
Smith, C. L., Rand, C. S., Schaeffer, B., Atz, J. W. 1975. Latimeria, living coelacanth, is ovoviparous. Science, 190: 1105-1106.
Smith, G. 1880. The Chaldean account of genesis. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington.
Smith, G. 1912a. Spermatogenesis in hybrid pigeons. J. Roy. Microscop. Soc., 1912: 600.
Smith, G. 1912b. Studies in the experimental analysis of sex: IX. On spermatogenesis and the formation of giant spermatozoa in hybrid pigeons. Q. J. Microscop. Sci., n. s., 58: 159-170.
Smith, G. R., Hall, J. G., Koehn, R. K., Innes, D. J. 1983. Taxonomic relationships of the Zuni Mountain Sucker, Catostomus discobolus yarrowi. Copeia, 1983: 37-48.
Smith, G. R., Miller, R. R., Sable, W. D. 1979. Species relationships among fishes of the genus Gila in the upper Colorado River drainage. Proc. First Conf. Sci. Res. Nat. Parks. 1: 613-623.
Smith, H. H., Daly, K. 1959. Discrete populations derived by interspecific hybridization and selection in Nicotiana. Evolution, 13: 476-487.
Smith, H. M. 1958. Evolutionary lines in tooth attachment and replacement in reptiles: Their possible significance in mammalian dentition. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 61: 216-225.
Smith, J. E. 1821. A selection of the correspondence of Linnæus and other naturalists from the original manuscripts. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown.
Smith, M. M., Heemstra, P. C. eds. 1986. Smith's sea fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Smith, P. F., Konings, A., Kornfield, I. 2003. Hybrid origin of a cichlid population in Lake Malawi: Implications for genetic variation and species diversity. Mol. Ecol., 12: 2497-2504.
Snow, D. W. 2001. Family Motmotidae (motmots). In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. VI, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 264-285. Barcelona: Lynx.
Snow, F. H. 1878. On the dermal covering of a mosasauroid reptile. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 6: 54-58.
Sobti, R. C., Obe, G. eds. 1991. Eukaryotic chromosomes: Structural and functional aspects. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Sokolovskaja, I. I. 1935. [A comparative study of the karyotype of C. moschata, A. platyrhynchos and their hybrid]. Biol. Zh., 4: 893-904.
Sola, L., Iaselli, V., Rossi, A. R., Monaco, P. J., Rasch, E. M. 1992. Cytogenetics of bisexual/unisexual species of Poecilia. II. Analysis of heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions in Poecilia mexicana mexicana by C-banding, DAPI, quinacrine, chromomycin A3 and silver staining. Cytogen. Cell Gen., 60: 229-235.
Solecki, R. S. 1975. Shanidar IV, a neanderthal flower burial in northern Iraq. Science, 190: 880–881.
Soliman, K. M. 1992. Molecular biology/ Genetic transformation in distant hybridization. In: Distant hybridization in crop plants, eds., G. Kalloo, J. B. Chowdhury, pp. 199-209. New York: Springer Verlag.
Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S. 1993. Molecular data and the dynamic nature of polyploidy. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 12: 243-273.
Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S. 1995. The dynamic nature of polyploid genomes. PNAS, 92: 8089-8091.
Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E. 1992. Molecular systematics of plants. New York: Chapman and Hall.
Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E. 1999. Polyploidy: Recurrent formation and genome evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol., 14: 348-352.
Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E. 2000. The role of genetic and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids. PNAS, 97: 7051-7057.
Song, B.-H., Wang, X.-Q., Wang, X.-R., Ding, K.-Y., Hong, D.-Y. 2003. Cytoplasmic composition in Pinus densata and population establishment of the diploid hybrid pine Mol. Ecol., 12: 2995-3001.
Song, B.-H., Wang, X.-Q., Wang, X.-R., Sun, L.-J., Hong, D.-Y. Peng, P.-H. 2002. Maternal lineages of Pinus densata, a diploid hybrid. Mol. Ecol., 11: 1057-1063.
Sperling, F. A. H., Harrison, R. G. 1994. Mitochondrial variation within and between species of the Papilio machaon group of swallowtail butterflies. Evolution, 48: 408-422.
Spillane, C., Vielle-Calzada, J. P., Grossniklaus, U. 2001. APO2001: A sexy apomixer in Como. Plant Cell, 13: 1480-1491.
Spirito, F. 1998. The role of chromosomal rearrangements in speciation. In: Endless Forms, eds. D. J. Howard, S. H. Berlocher, pp. 320-329. New York: Oxford University Press.
Spoor, F., Leakey, M. G., Gathogo, P. N., Brown, F. H.F. H., Antón, S. C., McDougall, I., Kiarie, C., Manthi, F. K., Leakey, L. N. 2007. Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 448: 688-691.
Spotorno, A. E., Sufan-Catalan, J., Walker, L. 1994. Cytogenetic diversity and evolution of Andean Eligmodontia species (Rodentia, Muridae). Z. Säugetierk., 59:2 99-308.
Sprague, G. F. 1991. Genetic exchange between kingdoms. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel., 1: 530-533.
Spring, J. 1997. Vertebrate evolution by interspecific hybridization: Are we polyploid?' FEBS Letters, 400: 2-8.
Spring, J. 2003. Major transitions in evolution by genome fusions: From prokaryotes to eukaryotes, metazoans, bilaterians, and vertebrates. J. Struct. Funct. Genomics, 3: 19-25.
Städler, T., Loew, M., Streit, B. 1996. Genetics and mating systems of polyploid freshwater hermaphodite snails. Malacol. Rev. Suppl., 6: 121-127.
Standley, L. A. 1990. Allozyme evidence for the hybrid origin of the maritime species Carex salina and Carex recta (Cyperaceae) in eastern North America. Syst. Bot., 15: 182-191.
Stanek, V. J. 1969. The pictorial encyclopedia of insects. New York: Paul Hamlyn.
Stangl, F. B. 1986. Aspects of a contact zone between two chromosomal races of Peromyscus leucopus (Rodentia: Cricetidae). J. Mammal., 67: 465-473.
Stanley, S. 1981. The new evolutionary timetable: Fossils, genes, and the origin of species. New York: Basic Books.
Stanley, S., Ager, D. 1979. Macroevolution: Pattern and process. San Francisco: Freeman.
Stansfield, W. D., King, R. C. 1985. A dictionary of genetics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stauffer, J. R., Hocutt, C. H., Mayden, R. L. 1997. Pararhinichthys, a new monotypic genus of minnows (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) of hybrid origin from eastern North America. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 7: 327-336.
Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1987. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stebbins, G. L. 1932. Cytology of Antennaria. I. Normal species. Bot. Gaz., 94: 134-151.
Stebbins, G. L. 1935. A new species of Antennaria from the Appalachian region. Rhodora, 37: 229-237.
Stebbins, G. L. 1945. The cytological analysis of species hybrids. Bot. Rev., 11: 463-486.
Stebbins, G. L. 1947. Types of polyploids: Their classification and significance. Adv. Genet., 1: 403-429.
Stebbins, G. L. 1948. The chromosomes and relationships of Sequoia and Metasequoia. Science, 108: 95-98.
Stebbins, G. L. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. New York: Columbia University Press.
Stebbins, G. L. 1957. The hybrid origin of microspecies in the Elymus glaucus complex. International Genetics Symposia (Tokyo and Kyoto), Cytologia (Suppl.), pp. 336-340.
Stebbins, G. L. 1958. The inviability, weakness and sterility of hybrids. Adv. Genet., 9: 147-215.
Stebbins, G. L. 1959. The role of hybridization in evolution. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 103: 231-251.
Stebbins, G. L. 1966a. Chromosomal variation and evolution; polyploidy and chromosome size and number shed light on evolutionary processes in higher plants. Science, 152: 1463-1469.
Stebbins, G. L. 1966b. Processes of organic evolution. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Stebbins, G. L. 1969. The significance of hybridization for plant taxonomy and evolution. Taxon, 18: 26-35.
Stebbins, G. L. 1971. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. London: E. Arnold.
Stebbins, G. L. 1980. Polyploidy in plants: Unsolved problems and prospects. In: Polyploidy: Biological relevance, ed. W. H. Lewis, pp. 495-520. New York: Plenum Press.
Stebbins, G. L., Ferlan, L. 1956. Population variability, hybridization, and introgression in some species of Ophrys. Evolution, 10: 32-46.
Stebbins, G. L., Valencia, J. I., Valencia, R. M. 1946. Artificial and natural hybrids in the Gramineae, tribe Hordeae. I. Elymus, Sitanion, and Agropyron. Am. J. Bot., 333: 338-351.
Stebbins, G. L., Walters, M. S. 1949. Artificial and natural hybrids in the Gramineae, tribe Hordeae III. Hybrids involving Elymus condensatus and E. triticoides. Am. J. Bot., 36: 291-301.
Steklenev, E. P. 1983. Theoretical aspects of remote hybridization in mammals. Cytol. Genet., 17: 60-72.
Steklenev, E. P., Elistratova, T. M. 1992. [Reproductive ability of hybrids of banteng (Bos (Bibos) javanicus D'Alton) with domestic cattle (Bos (Bibos) primigenius taurus)]. Tsitol. Genet., 26: 45-57.
Steklenev, E. P., Kozikova, L. V. 1989. Characteristics of crossing a chicken with Guinea Fowl and the structural and functional organization of hybrid chromosomes in comparison with the initial species. Cytol. Genet., 23: 22-27.
Stephan, P. 1903. Nouveaux types de processus paraèvolutifs de spermatogenèse. Bibl. anat., 12: 14-18.
Stephens, S. G. 1947. Cytogenetics of Gossypium and the problem of the New World cottons. Adv. Genet., 1: 431-442.
Stiles, F. G., Skutch, A. R. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Stingo, V., Capriglione, T. 1986. DNA and chromosomal evolution in cartilaginous fish. In: Indo-Pacific Fish Biology, eds. T. Uyeno, R. Arai, T. Niuchi, K. Matsuura, pp. 148-157. Tokyo: Ichthyological Society of Japan.
Stingo, V., Rocco, L. 2001. Selachian cytogenetics: A review. Genetica, 111: 329-347.
Stokes, W. L. 1982. Essentials of earth history. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Storch, G., Richter, G. 1992. The ant-eater Eurotamandua: A South American in Europe. In: Messel: An insight into the history of life and of the Earth, eds. S. Schaal, W. Ziegler, pp. 209-215. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stott, K. 1959. Giraffe intergradation in Kenya. J. Mammal., 40: 251.
Strasburg, J. L., Kearney, M. 2005. Phylogeography of sexual Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae) in the Australian arid zone: climatic cycling and repetitive hybridization. Mol. Ecol., 14: 2755-2772.
Straw, R. M. 1955. Hybridization, homogamy, and sympatric speciation. Evolution, 9: 441-444.
Stresemann, E. 1919. Über die europäischen Baumläufer. Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 14: 39-74.
Strickberger, M. W. 2000. Evolution. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett
Stuart, S. N., Van der Willigen, T. 1980. Is Moreau's sunbird Nectarinia moreaui a hybrid species? Scopus, 4: 56-58.
Sturm, J. 1798-1848. Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Nürnberg.
Sturtevant, A. H., Dobzhansky, T. 1936. Inversion in the IIIrd chromosome of wild races of D. pseudo-obscura. PNAS, 22: 448-450.
Stutz, H. C., Pope, C. L., Sanderson, S. C. 1979. Evolutionary studies of Atriplex. Adaptive products from the natural hybrid, 6n A. tridentata × 4n A. canescens. Am. J. Bot., 66: 1181-1193.
Sudman, P. D., Choate, J. R., Zimmerman, E. G. 1987. Taxonomy of chromosomal races of Geomys bursarius lutescens Merriam. J. Mammal., 68: 526-543.
Sultana, T., Bhunya, S. P. 1981. The karyotype of the Blackheaded Shrike, Lanius schach tricolor (Hodgson). Pranikee, 2: 37-40.
Sumner, A. T. 2003. Chromosomes: Organization and function. Malden: Blackwell.
Sumner, J. B. 1824. The evidence of Christianity, derived from its nature and reception. London: Printed for J. Hatchard and Son,
Suomalainen, E., Saura, A., Lokki, J. 1987. Cytology and evolution in parthenogenesis. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Suwa, G., Asfaw, B., Kono, R. T., Kubo, D., Lovejoy, C. O., White, T. D. 2009. The Ardipithecus ramidus skull and its implications for hominid origins. Science, 326 (5949): 68e1-68e7.
Svärdson, G. 1945. Chromosome studies on Salmonidae. Stockholm: I. Haeggströms.
Swan, M. A. 1985. Trasmission electron microscopy of impaired spermatogenesis in an avian hybrid. Gamete Res., 12: 357-371.
Swan, M. A., Christidis, L. 1987. Impaired spermatogenesis in the finch hybrid L. castaneothorax by L. punctulata: Transmission electron microscopy and genetic analysis. Gamete Res., 17: 157-171.
Swanson, C. P. 1957. Cytology and cytogenetics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Swarca, A. C., Fenocchio, A. S., Cestari, M. M., Dias, A. L. 2005. Karyotype divergence among populations of giant catfish Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Teleostei: Pimelodidae) indicates higher species diversity. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 16: 325-330.
Sweader, W. R. 1937. Hybridization and the phylogeny of the genus Platysamia. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 25: 163-242.
Syvanen, M. 1994. Horizontal gene transfer: Evidence and possible consequences. Ann. Rev. Genet., 28: 237-261.
Syvanen, M., Kado, C. I. 2002. Horizontal gene transfer. San Diego: Academic Press.
Takahashi, E. I., Kurihara, Y., Kondo, N. 1975. Karyological studies on hybrids between the Guineafowl female and the Vulturine Guineafowl male. Proc. Japan Acad., 51: 593-597.
Takahata, N., Slatkin, M. 1984. Mitochondrial gene flow. PNAS, 81: 1764-1767.
Takashima, Y., Mizuma, Y. 1982. The sex ratio of chicken-quail hybrids. Jap. Poult. Sci., 19: 53-55.
Talbert, L. E., Smith, L. Y., Blake, N. K. 1998. More than one origin of hexaploid wheat is indicated by sequence comparison of low-copy DNA. Genome, 41: 402-407.
Tapper, R. 1985. One hump or two? Hybrid camels and pastoral cultures. Production pastorale et Société, 16: 55-69.
Tate, J. A., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. E. 2005. Polyploidy in plants. In: The evolution of the genome, ed. T. R. Gregory, pp. 371-426. New York: Elsevier.
Taylor, D. J., Herbert, P. D., Colbourne, J. K. 1996. The phylogenetics and evolution of the Daphnia longispina group (Crustacea) based on 12s rDNA and allozyme variation. Mol. Phylog. Evol., 5: 495-510.
Taylor, H. L., Cole, C. J., Hardy, L. M., Dessauer, H. C., Townsend, C. R., Walker, J. M., Cordes, J. E. 2001. Natural hybridization between the teiid lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (bisexual): Assessment of evolutionary alternatives. Am. Mus. Nov., no. 3345.
Taylor, M. A. 1987. Reptiles that took to the sea. New Scientist, 26: 46-51.
Taylor, M. J., Short, R. V. 1973. Development of the germ cells in the ovary of the mule and hinny. J. Reprod. Fert., 32: 441-445.
Teaford, M.F., Ungar, P.S. 2000. The diet of the earliest human ancestors. PNAS, 97: 13506-13511.
Teeling, E. C., Madsen, O., Murphy, W. J., Springer, M. S., O'Brien, S. J. 2003. Nuclear gene sequences confirm an ancient link between New Zealand's short-tailed bat and South American noctilionoid bats. Mol. Phylog. Evol., 28: 308-319.
Tegetmeier, W. B., Weir, H. 1867. The poultry book. London: G. Routledge.
Templeton, A. R. 1981. Mechanisms of speciation -- A population genetic approach. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12: 23-48.
Templeton, A. R. 1983. Natural and experimental parthenogenesis. In: Genetics and biology of Drosophila, eds., M. Ashburner, H. L. Carson, J. N. Thompson, vol. 3C, pp. 343-398. London: Academic Press.
ten Cate, C. J. 1986. Sexual preferences in zebra finch males raised by two species. I: A case of double imprinting. J. Comp. Psychol., 11: 248-252.
ten Cate, C. J., Mug, G. 1984. The development of mate choice in zebra finches. Behaviour, 90: 125-150.
Thaeler, C. S. 1974. Four contacts between ranges of different chromosome forms of the Thomomys talpoides complex (Rodentia: Geomyidae). Syst. Zool., 23: 343-354.
Thaeler, C. S. 1980. Chromosome numbers and systematic relations in the genus Thomomys (Rodentia: Geomyidae). J. Mammal., 61: 414-422.
Thewissen, J. G. M., Madar, S. I., Hussain, S. T. 1996. Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 191: 1-86.
Thewissen, J. G. M., Aria, M. 1994. Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales. Science, 263: 210-212.
Thiollay, J. M. 1994. Family Accipitridae (Hawkes and Eagles), In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. II, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 52-205. Barcelona: Lynx.
Thomas, B. T. 1999. Family Steatornithidae (Oilbird), In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. II, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 244-251. Barcelona: Lynx.
Thompson, D. W. 1992. On growth and form. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
Thorgaard, G. H. 1983. Chromosomal differences among rainbow trout populations. Copeia, 1983: 650-662.
Thulin, C. G., Stone, J., Tegelstrom, H., Walker, C. W. 2006. Species assignment and hybrid identification among Scandinavian hares Lepus europaeus and L. timidus. Wildlife Biology, 12: 29-38.
Tiersch, T. R., Beck, M. L., Douglass, M. 1991. ZZW autotriploidy in a Blue-and-Yellow Macaw. Genetica, 84: 209-212.
Tominaga, O., Imura, Y., Okamoto, M., Su, Z. H., Ojika, T., Kashiwai, N., Osawa, S. 2005. Origin of Ohomopterus uenoi (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Carabinae) as deduced from comparisons of DNA sequences of mitochondrial ND5 gene and nuclear internal transcribed spacer I (ITS I) with morphological characters. Entom. Rev. Japan, 60(1): 23-33.
Tompkins, R. 1978. Triploid and gynogenetic diploid Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Zool., 203: 251-256.
Topsell, E. 1658. The history of serpents. London: E. Cotes.
Tosi, A. J., Morales, J. C., Melnick, D. J. 2003. Paternal, maternal, and biparental molecular markers proide unique windows onto the evolutionary history of macaque monkeys. Evolution, 57: 1419-1435.
Townsend, C. R. 2000. Hybridization among western whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus tigris) in southwestern New Mexico. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Tranah, G., Campton, D. E., May, B. 2004. Genetic evidence for hybridization of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. J. Hered., 95: 474-480.
Trench, R. C. 1846. Notes on the miracles of our Lord. London: John W. Parker.
Trewick, S. A., Goldberg, J., Morgan-Richards, M. 2005. Fewer species of Argosarchus and Clitarchus stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmatinae): Evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Zoologica Scripta, 34: 483-491.
Tucker, E. M., Denis, B., Kilgour, R. 1989. Blood genetic marker studies of a sheep-goat hybrid and its back-cross offspring. Anim. Genet., 20: 179-186.
Tucker, J. M. 1952. Evolution of the Californian oak Quercus alvordiana. Evolution, 6: 162-180.
Tucker, P. K., Schmidly, D. J. 1981. Studies of a contact zone among three chomosomal races of Geomys bursarius in east Texas. J. Mammal., 62: 258-272.
Turner, B. J., Diffoot, N., Rasch, E. M. 1992. The callichthyid catfish Corydoras aeneus is an unresolved diploid-tetraploid sibling complex. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 3: 17-23.
Tuttle, R. H. 1986. Apes of the world. Parkridge: Noyes Publications.
Tymowska, J., Fischberg, M. 1973. Chromosome complements of the genus Xenopus. Chromosoma, 44: 335-342.
Tyndale-Biscoe, H., Renfree, M. 1987. Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Cambridge University Press.
Ueda, T., Kobayashi, M., Sato, R. 1986. Triploid rainbow trouts induced by polyethylene glycol. Proc. Japan Acad., 62B: 161-164.
Ungerer, M. C., Baird, S., Pan, J., Rieseberg, L. H. 1998. Rapid hybrid speciation in wild sunflowers PNAS, 95: 11757-11762.
Upcott, M. 1939. The nature of polyploidy in Primula kewensis. J. Genet., 39: 79-100.
Urbanska, K. M., Herbert Hurka, H., Landolt, E., Neuffer, B., Mummenhoff, K. 1997. Hybridization and evolution in Cardamine (Brassicaceae) at Urnerboden, Central Switzerland: Biosystematic and molecular evidence. Plant Syst. Evol., 204: 233-256.
Urbanska-Worytkiewicz, K. 1977a. An autoallohexaploid in Cardamine L., new to the Swiss flora. Bull. Geobot. Inst. ETH Zurich, 44: 86-103.
Urbanska-Worytkiewicz, K. 1977b. Reproduction in natural triploid hybrids (2n=24) between Cardamine rivularis Schur and C. amara L. Bull. Geobot. Inst. ETH Zurich, 44: 42-85.
Uzzell, T. 1963. Natural triploidy in salamanders related to Ambystoma jeffersonianum. Science, 139: 113-115.
Uzzell, T. 1964. Relations of the diploid and triploid species of th Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex (Amphibia, Cadata). Copeia, 1964: 257-300.
Uzzell, T., Darevsky, I. S. 1973. Electrophoretic examination of Lacerta mixta, a possible hybrid species (Sauria, Lacertidae). J. Herpetol.,7: 11-15.
Uzzell, T., Darevsky, I. S. 1975. Biochemical evidence for the hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic species of the Lacerta saxicola complex (Sauria: Lacertidae), with a discussion of some ecological and evolutionary implications. Copeia, 1975: 204-222.
Vallender, R., Robertson, R. J., Friesen, V. L., Lovette, I. J. 2007. Complex hybridization dynamics between Golden-winged and Blue-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera and Vermivora pinus) revealed by AFLP, microsatellite, intron and mtDNA markers. Molecular Ecology, 16: 2017-2029.
Valverde de Oliveira, M. D., Jorge, W., Barezani, C. P. 2001. Chromosome study in six Brazilian birds. Caryologia, 54: 235-244.
Van de Peer, Y., Meyer, A. 2005. Large-scale gene and ancient genome duplications. In: The evolution of the genome, ed. T. R. Gregory, pp. 329-368. New York: Elsevier.
van Regteren Altena, C. O. 1956. Achttiende-eeuwse verzamelaars van Fossielen te Maastricht en het lot Hunner Collecties. Publ. Natuurhist. Genootsch. Limburg 9, 84-112.
van Valen, L. 1988. Paleocene dinosaurs or Cretaceous ungulates in South America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
van Valen, L. 1994. The origin of the plesiadapid primates and the nature of Purgatorius. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
van Valen, L., Sloan, R. E. 1965. The earliest primates. Science, 150: 743-745.
Vasil'ev, V. P., Vinogradov, A. E., Rozanov, Y. M., Vasil'eva, E. D. 1999. Cellular DNA content in different forms of the bisexual-unisexual complex of spined loaches of the genus Cobitis and in Luther's spined loach C. lutheri (Cobitidae). J. Ichthyol., 39: 377-383.
Vekua et al. 2002. A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Science, 297: 85-89.
Verfurth, M. 1983. Sexueller zoomorphismus bei einem Iltisfrettchen Mustela putorius L., 1758 × Mustela putorius furo L., 1758. Zool. Gart. (Jena), 53: 441-450.
Verhulst, J. 2005. Fiches spécifiques des Colias F. (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) -- soixante-troisieme fiche. Lambillionea, 105: 440-442.
Verkaar, E. L. C., Nijman, I. J., Beeke, M., Hanekamp, E., Lenstra, J. A. 2004. Maternal and paternal lineages in cross-breeding bovine species has wisent a hybrid origin? Mol. Biol. Evol., 21: 1165-1170.
Verkaar, E. L. C., Vervaecke, H., Roden, C., Romero Mendoza, L., Barwegen, M. W., Susilawati, T., Nijman, I. J., Lenstra, J. A. 2003. Paternally inherited markers in bovine hybrid populations. Heredity, 91: 565-569.
Vervoort, A. 1980. Tetraploidy in Protopterus (Dipnoi). Experientia, 36: 294-296.
Vigfusson, E. 1970. On polyspermy in the sunflower. Hereditas, 64: 1-52.
Viosca, P. 1935. The irises of southeastern Louisiana. Bull. Am. Iris Soc., No. 57.
Vision, T., Brown, D., Tanksley, S. 2000. The origins of genomic duplications in Arabidopsis. Science, 290: 2114-2117.
Voelker, M., Rab, P., Kullmann, H. 2005. Karyotype differentiation in Chromaphyosemion killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes, Nothobranchiidae). I: Chromosome banding patterns of C. alpha, C. kouamense and C. lugens. Genetica (Dordrecht), 125: 33-41.
Vojtiskova, M. 1958. Distant hybrids from parents with reduced immunological reactivity. Nature, 181: 927-928.
Volpe, E. P. 1952. Physiological evidence for natural hybridization of Bufo americanus and Bufo fowleri. Evolution, 6: 393-406.
Volpe, E. P. 1955. Intensity of reproductive isolation between sympatric and allopatric populations of Bufo americanus and Bufo fowleri. Am. Nat., 79: 303-318.
Volpe, E. P. 1970. Chromosome mapping in the Leopard Frog. Genetics, 64: 11-21.
Volpe, E. P., Dasgupta, S. 1962. Gynogenetic diploids of mutant leopard frogs. J. Exp. Biol., 151: 287-302.
von Baer, K. E. 1864-1876. Reden gehalten in wissenschaftlichen Versammlungen und kleinere Aufläge vermischten Inhalts. St. Petersburg: Kaiserlichen Hofbuchhandlung H. Schmitzdorff
von Bothmer, R., Bengtsson, M., Flink, J., Linde-Laursen, L. 1988. Complex interspecific hybridization in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the possible occurrence of apomixis. Theor. Appl. Genet., 76: 681-690.
von Gärtner, K. F. 1849. Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreich. Mit Hinweisung auf die ähnlichen Erscheinungen im Thierreiche, etc. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart.
von Hofsten, N. 1958. Linnaeus's conception of nature. Kungl. Vetenskaps-societetens årsbok, 1957: 65-101.
von Koenigswald W., Storch, G. 1992. The marsupials: Inconspicuous opposums. In: Messel: An insight into the history of life and of the Earth, eds. S. Schaal, W. Ziegler, pp. 153-158. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
von Koenigswald, W. 1982. Die erste Beutelratte aus dem mitteleozänen Ölschiefer von Messel bei Darmsstadt. Natur und Museum, 112: 41-48.
von Nathusius, S. 1911. Die bisherigen Ergebnisse der Kreuzungsversuche mit dem Gayal (Bibos frontalis) im Haustiergarten des Ladw. Instituts der Universität Halle. Kühn-Archiv, 1: 61-105.
Vrijenhoek, R. C., Anglis, R. A., Schultz, R. J. 1977. Variation and heterozygosity in sexually vs. clonally reproducing populations of Poeciliopsis. Evolution, 31: 767-781.
Vrijenhoek, R. C., Dawley, R. M., Cole, C. J., Bogart, J. P. 1989. A list of the known unisexual vertebrates. In: Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates, eds. R. M. Dawley, J. P. Bogart. New York State Museum, Bull. no. 466, pp. 19-23.
Vyas, D. K., Moritz, C., Peccinini-Seale, D., Wright, J. W., Brown, W. M. 1990. The evolutionary history of parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria: Teiidae). II. maternal origin and age inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis. Evolution, 44: 922-932.
Wagner, F. S. 1992. Cytological Problems in Lycopodium Sens. Lat. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 79: 718-729.
Wagner, F. S., Hammitt, W. E. 1970. Natural proliferation of floating stems of scouring-rush, Equisetum hyemale. Michigan Botanist, 9: 166-174.
Wagner, R. 1841. Elements of physiology, for the use of students and with reference to the wants of practitioners. (translated from German, with additions, by R. Willis). London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper.
Wagner, W. H. 1954. Reticulate evolution in the Appalachian aspleniums. Evolution, 8: 103-108.
Wagner, W. H., Wagner, F. S. 1980. Polyploidy in pteridophytes. In: Polyploidy: Biological relevance, ed. W. H. Lewis, pp. 199-214. New York, Plenum Press.
Wahrman, J., Goitein, R. 1972. Hybridization in nature between two chromosome forms of spiny mice. Chromosomes Today, 3: 228-237.
Wahrman, J., Goitein, R., Nevo, E. 1969. Geographic variation of chromosomal forms in Spalax, a subterranean mammal of restricted mobility. In: Comparative Mammalian Cytogenetics, pp. 30-48. New York: Springer Verlag.
Wahrman, J., Gourevitz, P. 1973. Extreme chromosome variability in a colonizing rodent. Chromosomes Today, 4: 399-424.
Walker, E. P. 1983. Walker's mammals of the world. 4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Walker, A.C., R.E. Leakey, J.M. Harris, Brown, F.H. 1986. 2.5-Myr Australopithecus boisei from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 322, 517-522.
Walker, J. M., Cordes, J. E., Paulissen, M. A. 2004. Characteristics of peripheral populations of parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus laredoensis A (Squamata: Teiidae), in southern Texas. Texas Journal of Science, 56: 237-252.
Wallace, L. E. 2003. Molecular evidence for allopolyploid speciation and recurrent origins in Platanthera huronensis (Orchidaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci., 164: 907-916.
Walsh, J. B. 1982. Rate of accumulation of reproductive isolation by chromosomal rearrangements. Am. Nat., 120, 510-532.
Walter, S. M. 1977. Hocus mollis L. in Poland. II. Studies in the origin of polyploid types. Acta biol. Cracoviensia, Ser. Bot., 20: 113-131.
Walters, R. 1986. Alchemilla: A challenge to biosystematists. Acta Univ. Upsaliensis. Symb. botan. Upsalienses, 27: 193-198.
Wang, W. Y., Pai, R. C., Lai, C. C., Lin, T. P. 1994. Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Paulonia taiwaniana based on RAPD markers and RFLP of chloroplast DNA. Theor. Appl. Genet., 89: 271-275.
Wang, X., Shi, X., Hao, B. L., Ge, S., Luo, J. 2005. Duplication and DNA segmental loss in the rice genome and their implications for diploidization. New Phytologist, 165: 937-946.
Wang, X.-R., Schmidt, A. E., Savolainen, O. 2001. Genetic composition and diploid hybrid speciation of a high mountain pine, Pinus densata, native to the Tibetan plateau. Genetics, 159: 337-346.
Ward, H. A. 1866. Catalogue of casts of fossils from the principal museums of Europe and America. Rochester: Benton & Andrews.
Ward, L. F. 1891. Neo-Darwinism and neo-Lamarckism. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 6: 12-71.
Ward, T. J., Bielawski, Joseph P., Davis, S. K., Templeton, J. W., Derr, J. N. 1999. Identification of domestic cattle hybrids in wild cattle and bison species: A general approach using mtDNA markers and the parametric bootstrap. Anim. Conserv., 2: 51-57.
Warmflash, D., Weiss, B. 2005. Did Life Come From Another World? Sci. Am., 293(5): 64-71.
Warren, M. 1884. On the etymology of hybrid (Lat. hybrida). Am. J. Philol., 5: 501-502.
Wasserman, A. O. 1970. Polyploidy in the common tree toad, Hyla versicolor Le Conte. Science, 167: 385-386.
Wasserman, A. O., Bogart, J. P. 1968. Chromosomes of two species of spadefoot toads (genus Scaphiopus) and their hybrid. Copeia, 1968: 303-306.
Wasserman, M. 1960. Cytological and phylogenetic relationships in the repleta group of the genus Drosophila. PNAS, 46: 842-859.
Watanabe, K., Peloquin, S. J., Endo, M. 1991. Genetic significance of mode of polyploidization: Somatic doubling or 2n gametes? Genome, 34: 28-34.
Watson, J. D., Crick, F. H. C. 1953. A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature, 171: 737-738.
Wayne, R. K., Jenks, S. M. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered Red Wolf Canis rufus. Nature, 351: 565-568.
Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., Osmólska, H. 1990. The dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Welch, M. E., Rieseberg, L. H. 2002. Habitat divergence between a homoploid hybrid sunflower species, Helianthus paradoxus (Asteraceae), and its progenitors. Am. J. Bot., 89: 472-478.
Wellnhofer, P. 1991. The illustrated encyclopedia of pterosaurs. New York: Crescent Books.
Werth, C. R., Wagner, W. H. 1990. Proposal to designate reproductively competent species of hybrid origin by an × placed in brackets. Taxon, 39: 699-702.
Wesley, D. J., Emmel, T. C. 1975. The chromosomes of neotropical butterflies from Trinidad and Tobago. Biotropica, 7: 24-31.
Westergaard, M. 1940. Studies on cytology and sex determination in polyploid forms of Melandrium album. Dansk botanisk arkiv, 10: 1-131.
Westergaard, M. 1958. The mechanism of sex determination in dioecious flowering plants. Adv. Genet., 9: 217-289.
Wettstein, 1927. Die Erscheinung der Heteroploidie, besonders im Pflanzenreich. Ergebnisse der Biologie, 2: 311-356.
Wheelock, F. M. 1963. Latin: An introductory course based on ancient authors. New York: Barnes and Noble.
Whetherington, J. D., Kotora, K. E., Vrijenhoek, R. C. 1987. A test for the spontaneous heterosis hypothesis for unisexual vertebrates. Evolution, 41: 721-731.
White, C. 1998. Early christian lives. New York: Penguin Books.
White, M. J. D. 1973a. Animal cytology and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
White, M. J. D. 1973b. Chromosomal rearrangements in mammalian population polymorphism and speciation. In: Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolution, eds. A. B. Chiarelli, E. Capanna, pp. 95-128. London: Academic Press.
White, M. J. D. 1978. Modes of speciation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
White, M. J. D., Contreras, N. 1978. Cytogenetics of the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramba (formerly Maraba) virgo and its bisexual relatives. III. Meiosis of male "synthetic virgo" individuals. Chromosoma, 67: 55-61.
White, M. J. D., Contreras, N., Cheney, J., Webb, G. C. 1977. Cytogenetics of the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramba (formerly Maraba) virgo and its bisexual relatives. II. Hybridization studies. Chromosoma, 61: 127-148.
White, T., Suwa, G., Asfaw, B. 1994. Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature, 371: 306-312.
White, T., Suwa D.G., Asfaw, B. 1995.) Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia -- a corrigendum. Nature, 375: 88.
Whitfield. J. 2007. We are family. Nature, 446: 247-249.
Whitham, T. G., Morrow, P. A., Potts, B. M. 1991. Conservation of hybrid plants. Science, 254: 779-780.
Whittaker, R. H. 1959. On the broad classification of organisms. Q. Rev. Biol., 34: 210-226.
Whittaker, R. H. 1969. New concepts of kingdoms of organisms. Science, 163: 150-160.
Whittaker, R. H., Margulis, L. 1978. Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms. Biosystems, 10: 3-18.
Whittington, H. B. 1985. The Burgess Shale. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Wichura, M. E. 1865. Die Bastardbefruchtung im Pflanzenreich: Erlaütert an den Bastarden der Weiden. Breslau: E. Morgenstern.
Wiegand, K. M. 1935. Taxonomist's experience with hybrids in the wild. Science, 81: 161-166.
Wiegmann, A. F. 1828. Über die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreiche. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg.
Williams, E. M. 1998. Synopsis of the earliest cetaceans, Pakicetidae, Ambulocetidae, Remintonocetidae, and Protocetidae. In: The emergence of whales: Evolutionary patterns in the origin of the cetacea. New York: Plenum Press.
Williams, G. C. 1975. Sex and evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Williamson, P. G. 1981a. Morphological stasis and developmental constraint: Real problems for neo-Darwinism. Nature, 294: 214-215.
Williamson, P. G. 1981b. Paleontological documentation of speciation in Cenozoic molluscs from Turkana Basin. Nature, 293: 437-443.
Williamson, S. L. 2001. A field guide to hummingbirds of North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Willis, J. C. 1940. The course of evolution by differentiation or divergent mutation rather than by selection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Willis, J. C. 1949. The birth and spread of plants. Waltham: Chronica Botanica.
Williston, S. W. 1898. The university geological survey of Kansas. vol. IV. Paleontology. Topeka: J. S. Parks, State Printer.
Williston, S. W. 1902. On the skull of Nyctodactylus, an Upper Cretaceous pterodactyl. J. Geol., 10: 520-531.
Willmer, P. 1990. Invertebrate relationships: Patterns in animal evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, A. C. 1975. Evolutionary importance of gene regulation. Stadler Genet. Symp., 7: 117-134.
Wilson, A. C., et al. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 26: 375-400.
Wilson, E. O., Brown, W. L. 1953. The subspecies concept and its taxonomic application. Syst. Zool., 2: 97-111.
Wilson, L. G. 1972. Charles Lyell, the years to 1841: The revolution in geology. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Winge, Ö. 1917. The chromosomes. Their numbers and general importance. Comptes rendus des travaux du Laboratoire Carlsberg, 13: 131-275.
Winge, Ö. 1938. Inheritance of species characters in Tragopogon. A cytogenetic investigation. C. R. Lab. Carlsberg, 22: 155-193.
Winge, Ö. 1940. Taxonomic and evolutionary studies in Erophila. A cytogenetic investigation. C. R. Lab. Carlsberg, 23: 41-74.
Winker, K., Rocque,D. A., Braile, T. M., Christin L. Pruett, L. 2007. Vainly beating the air: Species-concept debates need not impede progress in science or conservation. Ornithological Monographs, 63, 30-44.
Winking, H., Dulic, B., Bulfield, G. 1988. Robertsonian karyotype variation in the European House Mouse, Mus musculus: A survey of present knowledge and some observations. Z. Säugetierk., 53: 148-161.
Winkler, H., Christie, D. 2002. Family Picidae. In: Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. IV, eds. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, pp. 280-555. Barcelona: Lynx.
Winsor, M. P. 1979. Louis Agassiz and the species question. Stud. Hist. Biol., 3: 89-117.
Winter, H., Kalat, M., Mayr, B., Dworak, E., Schleger, W. 1988b. Mithun cross Siri hybrids: cyto- and immunogenetic examinations and characterization of abnormal spermatogenesis. Res. Vet. Sci., 45: 86-100.
Winter, H., Mayr, B., Schleger, W., Dworak, E., Krutzler, J., Kalat, M. 1988a. Genetic characterization of the Mithun (Bos frontalis) and studies of spermatogenesis, blood groups and haemoglobins of its hybrids with Bos indicus. Res. Vet. Sci., 40: 8-17.
Wishart, W. D., Hrudka, F., Schmutz, S. M., Flood, P. F. 1988. Observations on spermatogenesis, sperm phenotype, and fertility in White-tailed × Mule deer hybrids and a yak × cow hybrid. Can. J. Zool., 66: 1664-1671.
Wittgenstein, L. 1961. Tractatus logico-philosophicus. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Wojcik, J. M., Ratkiewicz, M., Searle, J. B. 2002. Evolution of the Common Shrew Sorex araneus: Chromosomal and molecular aspects. Acta Theriol., 47(Suppl.): 139-167.
Wolfe, A. D., Xiang, Q.-Y., Kephart, S. R. 1998. Diploid hybrid speciation in Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae). PNAS, 95: 5112-5115.
Wolfe, K. H., Shields, D. C. 1997. Molecular evidence for an ancient duplication of the entire yeast genome. Nature, 387: 708-713.
Wolters, H. E. 1975-1982. Die Vogelarten der Erde. Berlin: Parey.
Wong, K. 2001. Bacteria spurs speciation. Sci. Am., Feb. 8, 2001.
Wong, K., 2002. The mammals that conquered the seas. Sci. Am., 286: 70-79.
Woodburne, M. O., Case, J. A. 1996. Dispersal, vicariance, and the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary land mammal biogeography from South America to Australia. J. Mammal. Evol., 3: 121-161.
Woodburne, M. O., Rich, T. H., Springer, M. S. 2003. The evolution of tribospheny and the antiquity of mammalian clades. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 28: 360-385.
Woodward, A. A 1921. A new cave man from Rhodesia, South Africa. Nature, 108: 371-372.
Woodward, J. 1695. An essay toward a natural history of the earth and terrestrial bodies, etc. London.
Woolley, S. C., Crews, D. 2004. Species differences in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in Cnemidophorus whiptail lizards. Journal of Neurobiology, 60: 360-368.
Wourms, J. P. Atz, J. W., Stribling, M. D. 1991. Viviparity and the maternal-embryonic relationship in the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. Environ. Biol. Fish., 32: 225-248.
Wright, S. 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16: 97-190.
Wright, S. 1941. The "age and area" concept extended. Ecology, 22: 345-347.
Wu, R., Gallo-Meagher, M., Littella, R. C., Zhao-Bang, Z. 2001. A general polyploid model for analyzing gene segregation in outcrossing tetraploid species. Genetics, 159: 869-882.
Wyatt, R., Odrzykoski, I. J., Stoneburner, A., Bass, H. W., Galau, G. A. 1988. Allopolyploidy in bryophytes: Multiple origins of Plagiomnium medium. PNAS, 85: 5601-5604.
Wynn, A. H. 1986. Linkage disequilibrium and contact zone in Plethodon cinereus on the Del-Mar-Va peninsula. Evolution, 40: 44-54.
Wyttenbach, A., Narain, Y., Fredga, K. 1999. Genetic structuring and gene flow in a hybrid zone between two chromosome races of the Common Shrew, Sorex araneus, in eastern Poland: Preliminary results. Hereditas, 125: 169-176.
Xiong, J., Inoue, K., Bauer, C. E. 1998. Tracking molecular evolution of photosynthesis by characterization of a major photosynthesis gene cluster from Heliobacillus mobilis. PNAS, 95: 14851-14856.
Yamaguchi, M., Lucas, J. S. 1984. Natural parthenogenesis, larval and juvenile development, and geographical distribution of the coral reef asteroid Ophidiaster granifer. Mar. Biol., 83: 33-42.
Yamashina, Y. 1941a. [On the cytology of bird hybrids]. Idengaku zasshi, 17: 245-246.
Yamashina, Y. 1941b. [Studies on sterility in hybrid birds. III. Cytological investigations of the intergeneric hybrid of the Muscovy Duck, ♂ (Cairina moschata) and the domestic duck, ♀ (Anas platyrhynchus)]. Idengaku zasshi, 17: 207-228.
Yamashina, Y. 1942. A revised study of the chromosomes of the Muscovy Duck, the domestic duck, and their hybrid. Cytologia (Tokyo), 12: 163-169.
Yamashina, Y. 1943. [Studies on sterility in hybrid birds. IV. Cytological researches on hybrids in the family Phasianidae]. J. Faculty Sci., Hokkaido Univ., 6th Ser., 8: 307-386.
Yonekawa, H., et al. 1988. Hybrid origin of Japanese mice "Mus musculus molossinus": Evidence from restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Biol. Evol., 5: 63-78.
Youatt, W., Sidney, S. 1860. The pig. London: Routledge, Warne & Routledge.
Zahavi, A., Wahrman, J. 1956. Chromosome races in the genus Acomys (Rodentia: Murinae). Bull. Res. Coun. Israel, B, 5: 316.
Zakarjevsky, A. 1940. [Control of sterility and the breeding of hybrids of Triticum durum × T. timopheevi]. Dokl. Vsesoiuznoi nauk Lenina, 6: 5-9.
Zhang, H., Okamoto, N., Ikeda, Y. 1995. Two c-myc genes from a tetraploid fish, the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Gene, 153: 231-236.
Zhang, Q., Arai, K., Yamashita, M. 1998. Cytogenetic mechanisms for triploid and haploid egg formation in the triploid loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. J. Exp. Zool., 281: 608-619.
Zhang, R. C., Duan, L. C. 1991. A study on the sperm production of hybrids of yaks and cattle. Acta veterinaria et zootechnica Sinica, 22: 231-234.
Zhang, W., Qu, L., Gu, H., Gao, W., Liu, M., Chen, J., Chen, Z. 2002. Studies on the origin and evolution of tetraploid wheats based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Theor. Appl. Genet., 104: 1099-1106.
Zhou, L. Q., Yang, A. G., Liu, Z. H., Du, F. Y., Wang, Q. Y. 2005. Karyotype analysis on Chlamys farreri, Patinopecten yessoensis and their reciprocal hybrids. Acta hydrobiol. Sin., 29: 105-109.
Zimmermann, K. 1965. Art-Hybriden bei Rötelmaus. Z. Säugetierk., 30: 315-320.
Zimmermann, W. 1953. Evolution: Die Geschichte ihrer Probleme und Erkenntnisse. Freiburg: Karl Alber.
Zink, R. M., McKitrick, M. C. 1995. The debate over species concepts and its implications for ornithology. Auk, 112: 701-771.
Zirkle, C. 1935. The beginnings of plant hybridization. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Zirkle, C. 1959. Species before Darwin. Proc. Am. Phil. Ass., 103: 636-644.
Zong, E. Z., Fan, G. Q. 1988. Spermatogenesis in B1 of a hinny female backcrossed with a male ass. Acta Zool. Sin., 34: 135-138.
Zong, E. Z., Fan, G. Q. 1989. The variety of sterility and gradual progression to fertility in hybrids of the horse and donkey. Heredity, 62: 393-406.
Zouros, E. 1982. On the role of chromosomal inversions in speciation. Evolution, 36: 414-416.
| If you find any factual error or typo on this website, it will be greatly appreciated if you send in a message about the mistake. Please use the Contact Page, which lets you remain anonymous if you wish. Thank you. |
Disclaimer: Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information presented on this website, Macroevolution.net and its maintainers cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of the information contained in the pages of this site, nor for any actions made on the basis of information provided by this website.


|